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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nwvnwsun.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nx-ra-bar\"><div class=\"nx-ra-bar-in\"><nav class=\"nx-ra-crumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/\">Departments of the Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/climate-ocean\/\">Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\"><span>Climate science, variability and change<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">System<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><section class=\"nx-scene nx-ra-scene\" data-scene=\"academy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-ast-title\" data-av-hero=\"gcm\"><div class=\"nx-scene-stage nx-ra-stage\"><div class=\"nx-av\" data-av=\"gcm\" data-av-tone=\"climate\" data-av-od=\"KjJZ0jVHJxTeQ6WY9ZM4RfNlikSajH5xEJEib3n9gNY=\" data-av-o=\"{&quot;seed&quot;:925,&quot;lon0&quot;:3.31}\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-av-poster\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 500\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"250\" r=\"190\"\/><circle class=\"p3\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"250\" r=\"204\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"110\" rx=\"128.5\" ry=\"28.3\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"180\" rx=\"176.6\" ry=\"38.9\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"250\" rx=\"190\" ry=\"41.8\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"320\" rx=\"176.6\" ry=\"38.9\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"390\" rx=\"128.5\" ry=\"28.3\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"250\" rx=\"72.7\" ry=\"190\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"250\" rx=\"134.4\" ry=\"190\"\/><ellipse class=\"p1\" cx=\"470\" cy=\"250\" rx=\"175.5\" ry=\"190\"\/><path class=\"p2\" d=\"M388.1 191.4Q431.6 91.6 475.1 131.9\"\/><circle class=\"p4\" cx=\"388.1\" cy=\"191.4\" r=\"3\"\/><path class=\"p2\" d=\"M594.3 232.2Q566.9 213.3 539.5 334.4\"\/><circle class=\"p4\" cx=\"594.3\" cy=\"232.2\" r=\"3\"\/><path class=\"p2\" d=\"M372.8 284.4Q440.9 160.2 509 176\"\/><circle class=\"p4\" cx=\"372.8\" cy=\"284.4\" r=\"3\"\/><path class=\"p2\" d=\"M524.8 295.7Q472 222 419.3 288.3\"\/><circle class=\"p4\" cx=\"524.8\" cy=\"295.7\" r=\"3\"\/><path class=\"p2\" d=\"M368.3 255Q370.8 144.9 373.4 174.8\"\/><circle class=\"p4\" cx=\"368.3\" cy=\"255\" r=\"3\"\/><path class=\"p2\" d=\"M456.2 292.2Q411.8 209.9 367.3 267.7\"\/><circle class=\"p4\" cx=\"456.2\" cy=\"292.2\" r=\"3\"\/><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-av-ui\"><p class=\"nx-av-cap\">Illustrative: zonal winds, the subtropical and polar-front jets and the Hadley, Ferrel and polar cells (heights exaggerated)<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-av-pause\" data-av-act=\"pause\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-label=\"Pause the background animation\" disabled><svg width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 10 10\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M2 1h2v8H2zM6 1h2v8H6z\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-scene-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium \u00b7 Earth and Environmental Sciences \u00b7 Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nx-scene-accent\">Variability, extremes and the products that measure them<\/p><h1 id=\"nx-ast-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Climate science, variability and change<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Climate science covers the variability of precipitation, temperature and soil moisture over years and decades and the extremes at their edges.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"#nx-sec-maps\">Map climate science, variability and change on a real place <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"#nx-sec-courses\">See the courses<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><nav class=\"nx-index-strip nx-ra-jump\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-scope\"><span>01<\/span>Scope<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-maps\"><span>02<\/span>Maps<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-geography\"><span>03<\/span>Live map<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-chapter\"><span>04<\/span>The subject<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-model\"><span>05<\/span>The method<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-figure\"><span>06<\/span>At a glance<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-labs\"><span>07<\/span>Labs<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-scenario\"><span>08<\/span>Console<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-technology\"><span>09<\/span>Practice<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-take-part\"><span>10<\/span>Take part<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-references\"><span>11<\/span>References<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-questions\"><span>12<\/span>Questions<\/a><\/div><\/nav><section id=\"nx-sec-scope\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-scope-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Scope<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-scope-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the discipline covers<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The subtopics its courses and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">labs<\/a> teach.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><dl class=\"nx-as-std\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><dt>Faculty<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Department<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/climate-ocean\/\">Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Courses<\/dt><dd>In preparation<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Levels<\/dt><dd>L1 Introductory, L2 Intermediate<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Labs<\/dt><dd>Map lab, Trigger lab, Geo quiz, GeoAI lab, Network lab, Exposure lab<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Climate baselines and observations<\/li><li>Variability modes such as ENSO<\/li><li>Climate models and projections<\/li><li>Scenario families (SSPs and RCPs)<\/li><li>Downscaling and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 bias-correction\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Adjusting model output to remove systematic differences from observations before use in impact studies.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">bias correction<\/a><\/li><li>Attribution of extreme events<\/li><li>Glaciers, permafrost and mountain hazards<\/li><li>Climate services<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 physical-climate-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk arising from the physical effects of climate change, both from extreme events and from gradual shifts in climate conditions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Physical climate risk<\/a> for organisations<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Courses in development extend the scope to further subjects: Working with climate projection data and downscaling; Extreme event attribution; Arctic risk.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-maps\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"maps\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-maps-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Maps<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-maps-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Build a twin of any place<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Search any place or open the world; the layers and generators follow climate science, variability and change on the planet map, the globe and in 3D.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map nx-tw\" data-ra-map=\"earth-environment\" data-ra-map-list=\"ra.ndvi r.dswx r.dswxs1 r.smap r.imerg r.hls f.flood f.ens\" data-ra-map-od=\"mpleTo1KNwcPRxl+ztsEwQ11GadNHB+tEt167lLJSvw=\" data-ra-map-state=\"idle\" data-ra-map-mode=\"learn\" data-ra-view=\"map\" data-tw-pip=\"twin\"><div class=\"nx-tw-head nx-ra-map-bar\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-label=\"Twin builder controls\"><p class=\"nx-tw-path\"><span>Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/span><span>Any place<\/span><strong>Twin builder<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-search\" data-tw-search=\"true\"><\/div><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"View\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-map\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Planet map<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-globe\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Globe<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-twin\" aria-pressed=\"false\">3D twin<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Extent\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"world\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>World<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"anchor\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Worked example: Casale Monferrato<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Mode\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"learn\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Learn<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"expert\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Expert<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-tw-more\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"share\" disabled>Share and cite<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"tools\" disabled>Expert tools<\/button><\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-gens nx-ra-tb-gens\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Twin generators\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"water\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Extent<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Flood and surface-water extent<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">OPERA surface water from optical and radar granules with the twin&#8217;s rivers.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"soil\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Soil water and rain field<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">SMAP surface soil moisture with the IMERG rain rate.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"veg\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Index<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Vegetation through the season<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">MODIS NDVI and EVI of the newest 8-day period over the plain; the date control steps the season.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"basin\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Channels<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Basin channels and discharge<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">The rivers of the twin and the GloFAS discharge forecast at any clicked point.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"t3d\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">3D<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Scientific 3D basin<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">The twin above in 3D: terrain, channels and the cross-section instruments.<\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-views\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-stage\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-idle\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" data-ra-map-act=\"load\">Load the map<\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-ra-map-twin\"><div class=\"nx-ah\" data-ah=\"twin\"><div class=\"nx-ast\" data-ast=\"twin\" data-ast-state=\"flat\" data-ast-faculty=\"earth-environment\" data-ast-mode=\"metres\" data-ast-od=\"NtQasZkYa\/L9bortmOZB6G7JFJTYk8O3YfmDqz5xEoY=\" data-ast-data=\"Z86r75wQYyXeuGd9sr\/df0B0X3egoEvNnJOJreeMLQs=\" data-ast-exag=\"1.5\"><div class=\"nx-ast-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Digital twin of The Po at Casale Monferrato and the Vercelli rice plain\" aria-describedby=\"nx-ast-twin-help\"><figure class=\"nx-ra-sig nx-ast-flat\" data-scope=\"twin\" id=\"nx-ast-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-ra-sig-svg nx-ast-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 846\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The Po at Casale Monferrato and the Vercelli rice plain: a flat plan of the faculty twin. Terrain 63 to 471 m; River 435 km; Canal 2,280 km; River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo: read live when the 3D twin opens; Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day: read live when the 3D twin opens; Soil moisture, SMAP L3 (daily): read live when the 3D twin opens; Precipitation rate, GPM IMERG (30 minutes): read live when the 3D twin opens; Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): read live when the 3D twin opens; True colour at 30 m, HLS Sentinel-2 (daily granules): read live when the 3D twin opens. Contours every 50 metres from the elevation grid; rivers and named canals by class.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-zf=\"figure.e2a2cc0f1653.txt\" data-nx-zs=\"sha256-4qLMDxZTy4c3Tn7+N7PdUX\/ApI4zj1vssI9bB6011oE=\"><title>The Po at Casale Monferrato and the Vercelli rice plain: a flat plan of the faculty twin. Terrain 63 to 471 m; River 435 km; Canal 2,280 km; River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo: read live when the 3D twin opens; Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day: read live when the 3D twin opens; Soil moisture, SMAP L3 (daily): read live when the 3D twin opens; Precipitation rate, GPM IMERG (30 minutes): read live when the 3D twin opens; Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): read live when the 3D twin opens; True colour at 30 m, HLS Sentinel-2 (daily granules): read live when the 3D twin opens. Contours every 50 metres from the elevation grid; rivers and named canals by class.<\/title><\/svg><figcaption class=\"nx-ra-sig-cap\"><span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-t\">The Po at Casale Monferrato and the Vercelli rice plain, Italy.<\/span> Flat plan of the same data: relief as contours from the inline grid, rivers and canals, and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked.<\/span><ul class=\"nx-ra-key nx-ast-key\"><li data-k=\"terrain\">Terrain 63 to 471 m<\/li><li data-k=\"river\">River 435 km<\/li><li data-k=\"canal\">Canal 2,280 km<\/li><li data-k=\"live-discharge\">River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo: read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-ndvi\">Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day: read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-soil-moisture\">Soil moisture, SMAP L3 (daily): read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-rain\">Precipitation rate, GPM IMERG (30 minutes): read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-surface-water\">Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-hls\">True colour at 30 m, HLS Sentinel-2 (daily granules): read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-src\">Credits and dates per layer are listed under the stage. Relief in the twin is exaggerated \u00d71.5 for legibility.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><p class=\"nx-ast-help\" id=\"nx-ast-twin-help\">Drag to move, right drag or Shift with a drag to turn and tilt, Ctrl with the wheel to zoom. Keyboard: arrows move, Shift with arrows turn and tilt, + and \u2013 zoom, 0 resets, V steps through the views, Escape clears.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-ast-bar nx-ah-hud\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-label=\"Twin controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"open\" data-variant=\"primary\">Open the 3D twin<\/button><span class=\"nx-ah-status\" data-live=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-ah-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>6 live layers, checked 19 Oct 2026<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"reset\" disabled>Reset view<\/button><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"View\" data-ast-views=\"true\" data-ast-default=\"a-instrument\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"a-instrument\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Drawing<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"b-daylight\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Photo<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"c-holograph\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Holograph<\/button><\/span><details class=\"nx-ah-menu\" data-k=\"places\"><summary><span>Places<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-n\">4<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"Views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"plain\" disabled>Vercelli rice plain and the Canale Cavour<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"hills\" disabled>Monferrato hills<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"sesia\" disabled>Sesia confluence<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"whole\" disabled>The whole box<\/button><\/span><\/div><\/details><details class=\"nx-ah-menu\" data-k=\"layers\"><summary><span>Layers<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-n\">8<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"Layers\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"overlay\" aria-pressed=\"false\" hidden disabled>Analysis overlay<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"terrain\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"terrain\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Terrain<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"rivers\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"lines\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Rivers and named canals<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"discharge\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>River discharge<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"ndvi\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Vegetation index<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"soil-moisture\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Soil moisture<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"rain\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Precipitation rate<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"surface-water\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Surface water extent<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"hls\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>True colour at 30 m<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><\/span><\/div><\/details><span class=\"nx-ast-group nx-ah-time\" aria-label=\"Time\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"earlier\" aria-label=\"Earlier date\" disabled><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&lsaquo;<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-it\">Earlier<\/span><\/button><span class=\"nx-ast-date\" data-ast-out=\"date\" aria-live=\"polite\">Date: newest<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"later\" aria-label=\"Later date\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-it\">Later<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&rsaquo;<\/span><\/button><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn nx-ah-tomap\" data-ast-act=\"to-map\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ah-pin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Open in the map<\/button><details class=\"nx-ast-cred nx-ah-info\"><summary aria-label=\"Credits and data dates, The Po at Casale Monferrato and the Vercelli rice plain\"><span class=\"nx-ah-i\" aria-hidden=\"true\">i<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-it\">Credits<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><ul class=\"nx-ast-credits\"><li data-ast-layer=\"terrain\"><strong>Terrain<\/strong> Surface height in whole metres on the plan&#8217;s grid of cells about three hundred by four hundred metres; the Monferrato hills reach about five hundred metres <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">Produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 \u00a9 DLR e.V. 2010\u20132014 and \u00a9 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014\u20132018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved. read 2026-10-17.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A digital surface model: trees and roofs are in the heights. Relief exaggeration is printed on the stage.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"rivers\"><strong>Rivers and named canals<\/strong> The Po, its tributaries and the longest named irrigation canals of the plain as centrelines, with their length by class. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a>, ODbL 1.0. data as of 2026-07-15.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Centrelines as mapped, simplified to 25 m and capped at the 700 longest ways; no discharge or width is implied by the line.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"discharge\"><strong>River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo<\/strong> Daily river discharge with the member range for the next 30 days at the plan&#8217;s cell, and on click anywhere in the box. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/\">Weather data by Open-Meteo.com<\/a> (CC BY 4.0); river discharge: contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026 (GloFAS); never a flood warning. Live: this page requests flood-api.open-meteo.com when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Model output (forecast or reanalysis), shown with the member range where the API gives one; never a warning. The flow-duration percentile instrument adds one request to the same endpoint with start_date=1984-01-01 and end_date=today for the chosen cell (not separately probed).<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"ndvi\"><strong>Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day<\/strong> Vegetation greenness over the plain and hills; scrubbing the season steps the time dimension through the 8-day periods of the current and previous year. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day, NASA LP DAAC \/ LANCE, via NASA GIBS, with the product date. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: An indicator of vegetation condition, never yield, production or a biodiversity measure.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"soil-moisture\"><strong>Soil moisture, SMAP L3 (daily)<\/strong> Surface soil moisture from the SMAP radiometer as a drought indicator for the plain. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">SMAP L3 passive enhanced soil moisture (day), NASA, via NASA GIBS, with the product date. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A satellite retrieval of the top few centimetres, not root-zone or field measurement.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"rain\"><strong>Precipitation rate, GPM IMERG (30 minutes)<\/strong> Satellite precipitation estimate for the half hour shown. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">GPM IMERG precipitation (30 min), NASA GES DISC, via NASA GIBS, with the product time. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Satellite estimate, near real time; not a gauge reading or a forecast.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"surface-water\"><strong>Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS)<\/strong> Open and partial surface water classes on the date shown, as the flood and low-water indicator of the reach. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent from HLS, NASA JPL OPERA (Copernicus Sentinel-2 and Landsat input: contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data), via NASA GIBS, with the product date. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A classification from optical imagery; clouds leave gaps; never a flood warning or a risk rating.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"hls\"><strong>True colour at 30 m, HLS Sentinel-2 (daily granules)<\/strong> The newest Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 granules over the plain in true colour at 30 metres: fields, rice paddies, the river bed and the towns. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">NASA HLS S30 Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance, NASA LP DAAC (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), via NASA GIBS, with the product date. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Surface reflectance shown as published; clouds and gaps between granules stay visible; never a classification.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ast-why\">Why this place: One box of about seventy by fifty kilometres holds a main-stem reach of the Po with the Sesia and Dora Baltea confluences, the Monferrato hills on its right bank and the irrigated rice plain of Vercelli on its left, fed by the Canale Cavour, so catchment hydrology, water allocation to food, floods (1994, 2000, 2016) and the 2022 drought can all be read at one scale. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 data-quality\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The fitness of data for a given use, judged by accuracy, completeness, timeliness, consistency and resolution.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Data quality<\/a>: Copernicus DEM GLO-30 covers the relief in one 1-degree tile, OpenStreetMap maps the rivers and named canals, the disciplines of GloFAS grid reaches the reach through Open-Meteo, MODIS and Sentinel-2 revisit the plain every few days and the box sits in Sentinel-2 tile 32TMQ. It connects to the Water security and hydrology, Food <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and agriculture and Climate science, variability and change of the atlas and to the water and food nexus field maps of the ecosystem sites, which draw on the same sources.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"nx-ast-read\" data-ast-out=\"read\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-ast-note\" aria-live=\"polite\">Flat plan of the same data: relief as contours from the inline grid, rivers and canals, and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-swap\" data-ra-map-act=\"swap\" aria-label=\"Swap the main view and the inset\"><span class=\"nx-tw-swap-k\" data-tw-swap=\"true\">3D twin<\/span><span class=\"nx-tw-swap-v\">Swap<\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-insp nx-tw-insp\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-ictl\" hidden><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nx-tw-dock\" data-nx-tabs=\"dock\" aria-label=\"Simulator: instruments, layers and sources\"><div class=\"nx-tw-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Simulator panels\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-inst\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-inst\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-key=\"inst\">Instruments<span>3<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-layers\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-key=\"layers\">Layers<span>9<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-src\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-key=\"src\">Sources<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-inst\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-inst\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">The instruments run on the faculty home; their worked example is the Po at Casale Monferrato and the Vercelli rice plain:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-ai\"><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Basin cross-section<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">A line across the reach: elevation against distance from the inline terrain grid, with the river and canal crossings marked and the slope between samples.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Index timeline (NDVI)<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">The MODIS 8-day vegetation index periods the learner scrubs through the season, listed by period date, beside the newest 30 m HLS true-colour granules of the plain for the fields the index summarises.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Drought and flood indicators<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">The flow-duration curve of the GloFAS cell at the plan&#8217;s point from its 1984 to today daily series, today&#8217;s percentile on it and the 30-day forecast band.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-layers\" hidden><div class=\"nx-tw-layers\" data-tw-layers=\"true\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">Open the map to switch its 9 layers.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-src\" hidden><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">8 live and observed layers for this page, 1 from the twin. Data: Natural Earth, MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA SMAP, NASA GPM IMERG Early, NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-HLS, NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-S1. Each layer states its provider, licence and date.<\/p><div class=\"nx-tw-cred\" data-tw-cred=\"true\"><\/div><\/div><\/aside><\/div><p class=\"nx-ra-map-note\" role=\"status\">The boundaries, names and designations shown do not imply any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Countries: Natural Earth (public domain).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-geography\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"maps\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-geography-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Live map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-geography-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Climate signals in the Mediterranean<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Surface heat, rain, snow, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h16\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 cryo.floating-ice.sea-ice\" data-tk=\"Ice and snow \u00b7 Floating ice\" data-td=\"Sea ice that closes shipping lanes, crushes hulls and platforms and cuts off coastal communities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H16\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea ice<\/a>, marine heat and water storage, each a dated satellite or model product, over the Mediterranean.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"mediterranean:climate\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"climate\" data-ml-relief=\"1.6\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:climate\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.health.lstd gibs.water.imerg gibs.water.snow gibs.water.ice gibs.biodiversity.ssta gibs.water.grace ev.eonet gx.nhc gx.nws gx.spc r.goese r.goesw r.imerg r.tempo\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-climate\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-climate\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-6,30,37,46\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Climate signals, the Mediterranean: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Surface heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"imerg||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Rain now<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"snow,ice||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Snow and ice<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ssta||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Marine heat<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">2<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Climate signals<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"imerg\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Precipitation\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA GES DISC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite estimate, near real time\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Precipitation rate, daily mean<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA GES DISC GPM IMERG \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"imerg\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.imerg\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA GES DISC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite estimate, near real time<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"snow\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds and night leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Snow cover<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 NDSI \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"snow\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds and night leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"snow\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.snow\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and night leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 NDSI (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds and night leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds and night leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ice\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Sea ice\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea ice concentration<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ice\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ice\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.ice\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite analysis. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ssta\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Marine heat (anomaly)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature anomaly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ssta\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.ssta\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite analysis of how far sea temperature departs from its usual value for the date shown; a marine heat indicator, not a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.coral-bleaching\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Corals expelling their algal partners under heat stress, turning white and often dying, with loss of reef fisheries and shore protection.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\">coral bleaching<\/a> alert.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"grace\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-time=\"latest\" data-wm-short=\"Water storage anomaly\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite gravimetry; latest month GIBS publishes\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Water storage anomaly, monthly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GRACE-FO JPL mascons \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"grace\">July 2022<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (latest month GIBS publishes)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"grace\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.grace\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (latest month GIBS publishes)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GRACE-FO JPL mascons (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>monthly; Satellite gravimetry; latest month GIBS publishes<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2022-07-01<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite gravimetry; latest month GIBS publishes. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 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class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Climate signals, framed on the Mediterranean.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gpm.imerg\">GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur\">GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.grace-fo-mascon\">GRACE and GRACE-FO JPL mascon solution, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li>Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, \u00a9 MapLibre contributors.<\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.<\/li><li>Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\/Applied Science Program..<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (21 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"imerg\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Snow cover: VIIRS NOAA-20 NDSI, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"snow\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea ice concentration: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ice\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Water storage anomaly, monthly: GRACE-FO JPL mascons, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"grace\">July 2022<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-chapter\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-chapter-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The subject<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-chapter-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"chapter\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-chapter\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-chapter\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"chapter\">The discipline<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-measures\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-measures\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"measures\">Measures<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-methods\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"methods\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-debates\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-debates\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"debates\">Debates<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-bodies\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-bodies\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"bodies\">Bodies and data<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-chapter\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-chapter\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">The field and its scope<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">For climate analysts, risk modellers, planners and advisers who need to read a projection, an attribution statement or a reanalysis field and know its scenario, its model spread and the confidence it carries.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-measures\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-measures\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Quantities and units<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-methods\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Methods and their limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each method is listed with what it assumes and where it fails.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-debates\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-debates\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">What the field debates<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-bodies\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-bodies\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Bodies that set practice, and the data they publish<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Bodies and standards are named so learners can find and apply their published work; the Academy teaches their use and links to the publisher, and no affiliation is implied.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-model\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-model-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The method<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-model-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From a degree of warming to a changed return period: how a shifted distribution turns a rare heat extreme into a common one<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Global warming shifts the distribution of local annual maximum temperature by an amplified amount; the heat level that once returned every 100 years then returns far more often; the probability ratio between the two climates is what attribution reports, and the new return period is what an adaptation standard must use.<\/p><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/ascmo-6-177-2020\" rel=\"noopener\">Philip et al., A protocol for probabilistic extreme event attribution analyses<\/a> (2020); IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (2021); Shepherd, A common framework for approaches to extreme event attribution (2016); Morice et al., An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set (2021); Coles, An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values (2001).<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-figure\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-figure-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">At a glance<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-figure-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">At a glance, with 5 related topics<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"figure\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"At a glance, with 5 related topics\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-figure\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-figure\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"figure\">At a glance<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-standards\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-standards\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"standards\">Nexus Standards<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-hub\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-hub\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"hub\">Hub<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-profile\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-profile\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"profile\">Methods and standards<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-frontier\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-frontier\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"frontier\">What is changing now<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-courses\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-courses\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"courses\">Courses<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-also\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-also\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"also\">Also taught here<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-figure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-figure\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Climate science, variability and change at a glance<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><section class=\"nx-fh-vis\" aria-label=\"Variability, extremes and the products that measure them\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-fh-con\"><p class=\"nx-fh-con-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><span>risksacademy.com<\/span><span>earth-environment<\/span><strong>discipline<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-fh-con-b\"><figure class=\"nx-ra-sig\" data-motif=\"fan\" data-scope=\"discipline\"><svg class=\"nx-ra-sig-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 300\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Climate science, variability and change: 0 primary courses open, 4 in preparation and 5 also taught here, across 9 subtopics and 5 connected disciplines. Courses: RAF-110 L1 in preparation, RAN-336 L2 in preparation, RAN-363 L2 in preparation, RAT-234 L2 in preparation, RAN-329 L2 also taught here, RAN-330 L2 also taught here, RAN-335 L2 also taught here, RAS-410 L2 also taught here, RAT-227 L2 also taught here.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title>Climate science, variability and change: 0 primary courses open, 4 in preparation and 5 also taught here, across 9 subtopics and 5 connected disciplines. Courses: RAF-110 L1 in preparation, RAN-336 L2 in preparation, RAN-363 L2 in preparation, RAT-234 L2 in preparation, RAN-329 L2 also taught here, RAN-330 L2 also taught here, RAN-335 L2 also taught here, RAS-410 L2 also taught here, RAT-227 L2 also taught here.<\/title><\/svg><figcaption class=\"nx-ra-sig-cap\"><span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-t\">Climate science, variability and change at a glance<\/span><\/span><ul class=\"nx-ra-key\"><li data-k=\"live\">Open, 0<\/li><li data-k=\"prep\">In preparation, 4<\/li><li data-k=\"also\">Also taught here, 5<\/li><li data-k=\"topic\">Subtopics, 9<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-how\">Drawn as a scenario fan: each course is a branch from today, in study-level order. The widening is the form of the figure; it forecasts nothing.<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-src\">Course codes from the curriculum; study levels L1 to L4.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><a class=\"nx-fh-go\" href=\"#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-fh-go-k\">Twin builder<\/span><span class=\"nx-fh-go-t\">Build a twin of any place<\/span><span class=\"nx-fh-go-m\">Worked example: the Po at Casale Monferrato and the Vercelli rice plain \u00b7 5 generators \u00b7 14 layers \u00b7 3 instruments<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-standards\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-standards\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Nexus Standards it teaches and relies on<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> the discipline teaches toward, grouped by master standard, with the disciplines that teach each.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><ul class=\"nx-xcards\"><li><article class=\"nx-xcard\"><p class=\"nx-xcard-head\"><span class=\"nx-xcard-code\">nexustandards.com\/hazards \u00b7 5 taught<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-xcard-body\"><h3 class=\"nx-xcard-t\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/\">Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"nx-xcard-m\">NRS-H5 Thermal extremes; NRS-H7 Large-scale circulation anomalies<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-live\"><div><span class=\"nx-xcard-meter\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"1 of 1 disciplines teach toward it\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><\/div><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>5<\/b>standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>discipline<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-acts\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/\">Open the area <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-xcard-alt\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">The mapping<\/a><\/div><\/article><\/li><li><article class=\"nx-xcard\"><p class=\"nx-xcard-head\"><span class=\"nx-xcard-code\">nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk \u00b7 4 taught<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-xcard-body\"><h3 class=\"nx-xcard-t\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/\">Systemic Risks<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"nx-xcard-m\">NRS-H65 Planetary boundary transgressions; NRS-H66 Ice tipping elements<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-live\"><div><span class=\"nx-xcard-meter\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"1 of 1 disciplines teach toward it\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><\/div><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>4<\/b>standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>discipline<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-acts\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/\">Open the area <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-xcard-alt\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">The mapping<\/a><\/div><\/article><\/li><li><article class=\"nx-xcard\"><p class=\"nx-xcard-head\"><span class=\"nx-xcard-code\">nexustandards.com\/climate \u00b7 3 taught<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-xcard-body\"><h3 class=\"nx-xcard-t\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Climate and Earth Systems<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"nx-xcard-m\">NRS-H28 Climate-state shifts; NRS-M17 Climate, nature and biodiversity<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-live\"><div><span class=\"nx-xcard-meter\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"1 of 1 disciplines teach toward it\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><\/div><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>3<\/b>standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>discipline<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-acts\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Open the area <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-xcard-alt\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">The mapping<\/a><\/div><\/article><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-fs-foot\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">Nexus Standards at the Academy<\/a><span>The Academy proposes how each discipline teaches toward the Nexus Standards; the mapping is open for public review.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-hub\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-hub\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Research and tools<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Research and preprints as they are published, by discipline, with the faculty&#8217;s other tools.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-feeds\" data-ra-feeds=\"earth-environment\" data-ra-feeds-od=\"abtY+VnfRANsD53a+xxAHwVAGGHEnAwnYfAZRBW2aoE=\" data-ra-feeds-scope=\"climate-science\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">The hub lists the newest research and preprints for Climate science, variability and change, each with its source and date. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/research-hub\/\">Open the research hub<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-profile\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-profile\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Hazard families it covers<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">From the Academy&#8217;s risk taxonomy: the discipline&#8217;s own entries and those of its primary courses, with how many courses teach each.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof-c\" data-lead=\"true\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Hazard families<\/h3><ol><li><span>Climate variability modes<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">2 courses<\/span><\/li><li><span>Drought<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Extreme heat<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Sea level rise and coastal change<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Tropical cyclone<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Glacier and permafrost change<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">scope<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-ra-prof-c\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Frameworks and standards<\/h3><ol><li><span>Paris Agreement<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>TCFD recommendations and ISSB standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-frontier\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-frontier\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">What is changing now<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Recent developments in climate science, variability and change, each with its source; sources checked on 16 October 2026.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"vZbhbts2EMdf5SBgWAdYlmXHqVOoAoq0G9oha9CsyOczeZaIUKTAo+y6n\/oOfZE9wx6lTzKQkh0vSVd3Afotphje8fj\/3f8Kq0FoZH6emA+pw3TlkrLQqiykWt\/9ksqkLLxqCCR6Cn88T6aT6Wk6OU3zPCnzHN50hiCsFVn4Xhbcorl3zk1SvkSPTL7IwoayyKRaPxxzmZRFPTtYrk+S8rWRSqC3jsGu4Ddtl6jhXKsGPcF5jaaKWcyh7TxD3TVoUmVkJ0jCBl2jTAXoIR\/PnsLff50XWT0ri\/ZebE7KP2sCNKZDDS2RSx2tFW1IQteGIoTwry\/Pz1P2W02gbvMi9jEd+ZXwjlDUJPc5gDIx5RE4xTG\/pe08TMbT\/nNLDiQJlDQCNBJQSpKA0KBThqAm9BtcH6QAXNtNOGj\/SeKWobGOwNdowDvVapLAygiC\/OwsHxdZ+1AdNklZsHfWVOV1vQXloUHvyfG4yIZ1eO2hUmtiQDMUTG+HIskReIeCcKlpXxdYkt8QmVg+EFuhiUfQMa06DSvrQKBWS4c+XIEFGXTKwhKZtDIxjARfE7Qo4ivs6qpMKOANNFaS5q\/diJ1IyivbOUHP4BU6X8PVlj01cCUUhXoEgcKTc9uSM0p0DJfdUofKKmv4lxEUeHCoVuYmgdrR6nlSe9\/ysywjZjkW+\/8fW1dl6LwKF83yRTZbLM6ygErcmeaLNKykYWVc+0Yfr\/Iiw3IEh\/T11+6hygLN3030PJ0uknK6gAvcHgX0O2qt+788X1+87cWNetDMMzjLfwJRo+mfF2FL6AIUa4J8PD8C2\/uHjqB1tsdwuY3qef87XJCHt6uVEjSCKmCCBhan+9i+Rg\/WUB+\/h\/T0y6fP08lsAktCz2HlBJCjBIn9CPCI5AeK4en8IBTBSq0pjbsbQgP0QRBJBuUfw+YfhC715Jpw\/yUulVbslQDbeW3tDUNNugUmD61GY2LTsE59tIYjiqGDjGCDnlyfdeWU6LTvHEXYRuBr21U1OKqUNaiBb5TWsEanBlS5tp2WsCQQNYkbkqCtCD3iKEKvrdMyvBRZZ7WtlEANb12FRn2MRB7B46axY2V85ojjqZy1t0SnTCHVsCmtImhp38TSQUGp6LlLeyVlx2yKLKfTyWyelAO9L3or8RZeDsrc8fy+95NbdQ1YHyD4eKpn6XSWlNMZXKAT9Y\/h+soPPhnkfaeJRY9GKRnIkKu2oJol6gjD3sf+g\/JwvIv5kRzO8oNv5uOTWfTNAbrFfPLl0+f8bDIZAZOwRoJ14Gvl5I5bsAYcCevkCDbKh\/Lk8\/gW03lMPs\/3WwOhPO6d4+cHst8ggzJCd9GkGRBuaHvgzasYPODu2EN8q0DJbijAIZHHQB9a4L28wkzAkWdQDOwDpShE13Q6Ou0I2EJbbzkSFo105728Y9hYD8jchZyhxY4JcBVag7BWk+trEzqlv52dPDUtOYwdo0fth3P\/AO0cpJna1Q75Ad+vrQee50n5LUEP3B5C9nhy8zQ\/Scr8BN6g6dBtf8CQfTv7PAvRZjsUBs3WjganaskpK7\/Lmw\/mqjsDzRW5tRIEK9uZAeoAU6h1pDU9RDCo7NW7F\/N+mD95ekB86yjO3OydQj0a5kX08aTD6+CaHFY0WG2cyAeDPgD03mW9BWmB7WMIvXQovAqCJLenSwZrNlWnuA6TeaWHuCH\/ptNe9T\/7bAPTDCtnG9DWVL3H7ybhTU0GlPHkWkdxjL5EpzhehmurJe+HZalYaMud27n1jvmjKP32Yz55dX5x\/esxU\/OA2uHgTF12+ysymG6Q014NtfWe2MeipH3TvKfcOwqC4X96Be2b\/jBF\/5uwe+BmVpf\/AA==\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-courses\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-courses\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Courses in this discipline<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Courses for this discipline are in development; until they open, study it through the connected courses and open lessons below.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-cc\"><p class=\"nx-cc-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><strong>Courses with this primary discipline<\/strong><\/span><span>In preparation<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-ra-reg\"><li><span data-planned-course=\"climate-risk-foundations\"><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAF-110<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Physical and Transition Climate Risk Foundations<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Foundation, L1 Introductory, 8 hours (estimate)<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span data-planned-course=\"southern-africa-climate-risk\"><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAN-336<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Drought and Cyclone Risk in Southern Africa<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Nexus, L2 Intermediate, 8 hours (estimate)<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-also\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-also\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Courses from connected disciplines that also teach this field<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each course has its primary discipline elsewhere and teaches this field as part of its scope.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-labs\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-labs-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Labs<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-labs-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the subject is practised in labs<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-scenario\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-scenario-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-scenario-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Climate science, variability and change is taught, as a process you can run<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Press Play to run this process from this page&#8217;s own data.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-technology\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-technology-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Practice<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-technology-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Practice, learning and connections<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"technology\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Practice, learning and connections\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-technology\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-technology\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"technology\">Technology in this area<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ladder\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-ladder\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"ladder\">Achievements<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-pathways\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pathways\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"pathways\">Pathways<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-practice\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-practice\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"practice\">Where this is practised<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-foundry\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-foundry\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"foundry\">Practised in<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-connected\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-connected\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"connected\">Connected disciplines<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ecosystem\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-ecosystem\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"ecosystem\">Across the ecosystem<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-technology\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-technology\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">How technology helps and what risk it brings<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-ladder\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ladder\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Achievements in this discipline<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-pathways\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-pathways\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Pathways that teach it<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ar\" data-start=\"none\"><ol class=\"nx-ar-ways\"><li><a class=\"nx-ar-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/pathways\/nrm-flagship\/\"><span class=\"nx-ar-k\">Academy flagship<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-t\">Nexus-Based Risk Management flagship pathway<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-m\">2 of its 20 courses are in this discipline.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ar-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/pathways\/climate-risk-officer\/\"><span class=\"nx-ar-k\">Role pathway<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-t\">Climate risk officer<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-m\">2 of its 10 courses are in this discipline.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ar-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/pathways\/policy-maker\/\"><span class=\"nx-ar-k\">Role pathway<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-t\">Policy maker<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-m\">One of its 11 courses is in this discipline.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-practice\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-practice\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Where the subject is practised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-ra-cite\"><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada)<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/climate-hazards\/\">Climate and Hazards<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Climate baselines, Climate projections, Climate services and warnings<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\"><\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/climate\/\">Climate and hazards<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ra-cite-f\">Field platforms of the ecosystem where the subject is studied and applied.<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-foundry\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-foundry\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">The three Foundry systems where it is practised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"zZPBbhQxDIZfxRrO06jigATTuRS4QSvthasn8e4EEjuyPdB5ezTd3aoSLdADEqfE8Wfr1ydlWArEgmZXHd\/1in3MTt04lDwO1pB\/bfbSjR9l4aTrEDbkCI4DPmJL5m8dzEr7q252b\/Y2BKa7xRw5oSa7iFLDQxVYLbxitd4uL7vx85ddf3O7A1vNqQ4Bn83C3XhdckUnUIqiyUDJHIQhYsmTolOCprmirlAJbVGqxG6Psz+9+BO5SpHDCipSz\/z52AT9XtK\/sPP6KOf97oVymspXip6FDYidFBLFbPc1GlgkRs0CRn9jZnfC7T8y8+Zo5sPN7cvMfEfNOBUyiMgwERgRw16lguiU\/c82rmfkAz2rIixlHNoTo\/uHf3RKDA0PZJDIouaJ4MeMDoRxPveRE2Q\/WjdApY3NB6YELpDkHfhMEGVRIwO\/H91eKvksyba70WmZAbZW1oshtPEn\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-connected\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-connected\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Disciplines it depends on<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-ecosystem\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ecosystem\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Across the ecosystem<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-take-part\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-take-part-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Take part<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-take-part-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Take part in Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Start from who you are.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-references\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-references-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">References<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-references-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Core references and where to begin<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Start with IPCC, then Hawkins, then Hausfather.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-questions-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-questions-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions, answers and key terms<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Is study here free?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Yes. Every course and learning material of Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium, is free to study, self-paced or with a cohort. Ordinary participation has no fee; paid work, internships and fellowships are separate arrangements.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does completing a course give me?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A completion record: the course, its version, the date and what was assessed, private by default and shared by you. It stacks into discipline, department and programme achievements. A record states what was studied and assessed and does not certify competence; it is not a licence, a professional title or an employment status.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where do the data and the places come from?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Every faculty teaches on a twin of a real place built from open data; each layer carries its provider, licence and date, and every result on the Academy states its source. Maps and figures are indicators for teaching, never an assessment of a place.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I take part beyond the courses in climate science, variability and change?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Form a competence cell of three to seven people, study a shared pathway, take a supervised assignment in the National Working Groups, or bring a cohort from your institution. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/for-organisations\/\">For organisations<\/a>.<\/div><\/details><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-mt-4\">Key terms<\/p><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Climate variability<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Variations in the climate around its mean state on timescales from months to decades, such as ENSO.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Scenario narratives of future society used with emissions scenarios to drive climate projections.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Downscaling<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Methods that derive local or regional climate information from coarse global model output.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Event attribution<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The assessment of how <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 climate-change\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"A change in the state of the climate that persists for decades or longer, identified by shifts in averages and variability; in current practice, mainly the change driven by human emissions.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">climate change<\/a> has altered the likelihood or intensity of a specific <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 extreme-event\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"An event that is rare at a particular place and time of year, lying in the outer tail of the observed or modelled distribution.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">extreme event<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/storm-surge#coupled-risk\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Coastal storm surge<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/course-catalogue\/climate-science\/\"><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Courses in climate science, variability and change<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"nx-deeper nx-hubs\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-hubs-ra-h\" data-nx-hubs=\"4\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-hubs-ra-h\">The same subject across the Consortium<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Policy:<\/span> Climate and Nature Governance<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/climate-nature-financial-risk\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Finance:<\/span> Climate and Nature Financial Risk<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksindex.com\/series\/gs-07\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Index:<\/span> Global Climate series<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/areas\/climate-hazards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Reports:<\/span> Climate and Hazards in Reports<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Risk Academy<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"5ZVNb+NGDIb\/CjF7tawEayy2XVtAGgeLHNIUaYGivdEztIeINCNwKMnury9GshN3kSZtbkVv0vDr1fARuexqsDWmtDJhXzhKaqplzdUSvzkuLIoz4IW2K+NV2\/R9WQqnx4QWHTWHuY1NSSjqCwo9SwwNBS0HYaVCY9Gl0sagaLU01TK1GL6toLH9G4tQbaqbBrleltn+spePWf1XVBrwAF9\/La6ur9Y3d7+dYl4JVdaaTPUzBQessJXYgHpO0OKOXgsc\/MFUNz07CpZmgGCjCFnlGMY3TONpQ+qjy09CPdOQn1QwpBqzK0SBVuKWawIObadzuFVAEe4pgeJuRw4GVv8sagYpgnoCcqxRYPAR4hBSli9kaYxknb8mfhcNoDAWnp2jsDIqHeUW9LszVxSJg4Es+4e4X5kLuIDLT3D56eXgFtWDW5m7j\/DZX17cfQeLegGLYgELU+Ym9LunVpRYLctM2\/uJC7TvUiHURtFUxpZCkSznbpQfwr5IZIs\/KEQX3wfd72Ps29TdtxTAURsT6z\/nbT0F5J5hcJC6TcMKOjXWxqbpAuvhTf5+6jY1Jw+H2EmGIAMQxUEMMOmf2BnN9w\/Xt2vg9SzXCKeSz1Ufppt8rp5PheZw3QlqlHQkGFi\/jAHr+1tIioc05k\/\/M+DySBPedErvnGrH+36bsAdOj3A1Cfk3E42AepID5JmoEZ4Fv4nVLyOER\/c8pfTQUpqBjwMQWg98goHcDAaPClbyOMoknIbQyBnUbPMvOVI+OnKCkHUBWkutkvuPcFN2dbV03J+VrbmnItVRDThULMJ+O76uzPNdn5keObiVGaI8buss98kglGInllZmRCyzhy8sVFtzg0qnKffhxSJj91fm+skGdNxRZ06eeOd1ZRafLwxMl1MtS8d9tWzPvi9EJQj7otHio6l+HLuW8qJsSVIMWI8ZZ\/kssXKfV9hWMKl0VjshcKTIdd5xGA7qOexGQDz2BCGCZBUZzeQxD5qrv0J3BhlsaBuFoEv0ZZSQU7Fm\/y1JysmwUx8leW5zvWk3MtZTkTSbxmwbQzo6TRBuukMChC2PKefLsq3+BA==\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-1\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Climate science, variability and change<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/oceans-coasts\/\">Oceans and coasts <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/cryosphere-mountain-systems\/\">Cryosphere and mountain systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/earth-observation-system-data\/\">Earth observation and Earth system data <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/atmosphere-air-chemistry\/\">Atmosphere and air chemistry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/climate-ocean\/\">Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Climate science, variability and change<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Prepare with a related course<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Open courses in connected disciplines teach the methods this discipline will build on.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/\">Browse the course catalogue <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/climate-ocean\/\">Back to Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/climate-science\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/climate-science\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is study here free?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. 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