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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-nm5li9h9.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nx-ra-bar\"><div class=\"nx-ra-bar-in\"><nav class=\"nx-ra-crumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/\">Departments of the Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/climate-ocean\/\">Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\"><span>Oceans and coasts<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">System<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><section class=\"nx-scene nx-ra-scene\" data-scene=\"academy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-ra-h1\" data-av-hero=\"eddies\"><div class=\"nx-scene-stage nx-ra-stage\"><div class=\"nx-av\" data-av=\"eddies\" data-av-tone=\"water\" data-av-od=\"KjJZ0jVHJxTeQ6WY9ZM4RfNlikSajH5xEJEib3n9gNY=\" data-av-o=\"{&quot;seed&quot;:740}\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-av-poster\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 500\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" 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data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-av-ui\"><p class=\"nx-av-cap\">Illustrative: sea-surface temperature, eddy-driven surface drifters and the ice edge<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-av-pause\" data-av-act=\"pause\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-label=\"Pause the background animation\" disabled><svg width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 10 10\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M2 1h2v8H2zM6 1h2v8H6z\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-scene-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium \u00b7 Earth and Environmental Sciences \u00b7 Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nx-scene-accent\">Taught in the Nexus stream<\/p><h1 id=\"nx-ra-h1\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Oceans and coasts<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">The discipline covers marine ecosystems, coastal hazards such as <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">storm surge<\/a>, erosion and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.sea-level-rise\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"A long-term rise of mean sea level that raises the baseline for floods, erosion and saltwater intrusion.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea-level rise<\/a>, ocean observation, and the communities, fisheries, ports and blue economy that depend on the ocean.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"#nx-sec-courses\">See the courses <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><nav class=\"nx-index-strip nx-ra-jump\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-scope\"><span>01<\/span>Scope<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-maps\"><span>02<\/span>Maps<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-geography\"><span>03<\/span>Live map<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-chapter\"><span>04<\/span>The subject<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-model\"><span>05<\/span>The method<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-instrument\"><span>06<\/span>Instrument<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-signature\"><span>07<\/span>Signature<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-standards\"><span>08<\/span>Standards and evidence<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-scenario\"><span>09<\/span>Console<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-technology\"><span>10<\/span>Practice<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-take-part\"><span>11<\/span>Take part<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-references\"><span>12<\/span>References<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-questions\"><span>13<\/span>Questions<\/a><\/div><\/nav><section id=\"nx-sec-scope\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-scope-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Scope<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-scope-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the discipline covers<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The subtopics its courses and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">labs<\/a> teach.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Sea-level rise and coastal flood<\/li><li>Storm surge and coastal erosion<\/li><li>Marine ecosystems and ocean warming<\/li><li>Ocean acidification and deoxygenation<\/li><li>Fisheries and coastal livelihoods<\/li><li>Ports and maritime infrastructure<\/li><li>Marine pollution<\/li><li>Ocean observation<\/li><li>Island resilience<\/li><li>Blue economy<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-3\">Courses in development extend the scope to further subjects: Ocean warming, acidification and marine heatwaves; Fisheries and aquaculture risk; Ocean governance beyond national jurisdiction.<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-maps\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"maps\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-maps-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Maps<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-maps-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Maps and the globe for any place<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Search any place or open the world; the layers and generators follow oceans and coasts on the planet map, the globe and in 3D.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map nx-tw\" data-ra-map=\"earth-environment\" data-ra-map-list=\"ra.ndvi r.dswx r.dswxs1 f.flood r.imerg r.smap r.hls f.ens\" data-ra-map-od=\"mpleTo1KNwcPRxl+ztsEwQ11GadNHB+tEt167lLJSvw=\" data-ra-map-state=\"idle\" data-ra-map-mode=\"learn\" data-ra-view=\"map\"><div class=\"nx-tw-head nx-ra-map-bar\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-label=\"Twin builder controls\"><p class=\"nx-tw-path\"><span>Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/span><span>Any place<\/span><strong>Twin builder<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-search\" data-tw-search=\"true\"><\/div><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"View\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-map\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Planet map<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-globe\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Globe<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Extent\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"world\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>World<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"anchor\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Worked example: Casale Monferrato<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Mode\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"learn\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Learn<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"expert\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Expert<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-tw-more\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"share\" disabled>Share and cite<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"tools\" disabled>Expert tools<\/button><\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-gens nx-ra-tb-gens\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Twin generators\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"water\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Extent<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Flood and surface-water extent<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">OPERA surface water from optical and radar granules with the twin&#8217;s rivers.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"veg\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Index<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Vegetation through the season<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">MODIS NDVI and EVI of the newest 8-day period over the plain; the date control steps the season.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"basin\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Channels<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Basin channels and discharge<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">The rivers of the twin and the GloFAS discharge forecast at any clicked point.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"soil\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Soil water and rain field<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">SMAP surface soil moisture with the IMERG rain rate.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"t3d\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">3D<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Scientific 3D basin<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">The twin above in 3D: terrain, channels and the cross-section instruments.<\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-views\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-stage\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-idle\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" data-ra-map-act=\"load\">Load the map<\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-insp nx-tw-insp\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-ictl\" hidden><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nx-tw-dock\" data-nx-tabs=\"dock\" aria-label=\"Simulator: instruments, layers and sources\"><div class=\"nx-tw-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Simulator panels\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-layers\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-key=\"layers\">Layers<span>9<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-src\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-key=\"src\">Sources<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-layers\"><div class=\"nx-tw-layers\" data-tw-layers=\"true\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">Open the map to switch its 9 layers.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-src\" hidden><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">8 live and observed layers for this page, 1 from the twin. Data: Natural Earth, MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA SMAP, NASA GPM IMERG Early, NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-HLS, NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-S1. Each layer states its provider, licence and date.<\/p><div class=\"nx-tw-cred\" data-tw-cred=\"true\"><\/div><\/div><\/aside><\/div><p class=\"nx-ra-map-note\" role=\"status\">The boundaries, names and designations shown do not imply any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Countries: Natural Earth (public domain).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-geography\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"maps\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-geography-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Live map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-geography-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Ocean state in the Maghreb<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Marine heat, sea surface temperature, chlorophyll and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h16\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 cryo.floating-ice.sea-ice\" data-tk=\"Ice and snow \u00b7 Floating ice\" data-td=\"Sea ice that closes shipping lanes, crushes hulls and platforms and cuts off coastal communities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H16\" data-tr=\"draft\">sea ice<\/a> from satellite analyses, over the Maghreb.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"maghreb:oceans\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"oceans\" data-ml-relief=\"1.6\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:oceans\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.biodiversity.ssta gibs.biodiversity.sst gibs.biodiversity.chl gibs.water.ice gibs.water.true ev.eonet gx.nhc r.goese r.goesw r.pace r.labels f.ens f.marine\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare aoi export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-oceans\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-oceans\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"-17,20,12,37.5\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Ocean state, the Maghreb: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ssta||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Marine heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"sst||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sea temperature<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"chl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Plankton (chlorophyll)<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ice||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sea ice<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">1<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Ocean state<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ssta\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Marine heat (anomaly)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature anomaly<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR25 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ssta\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.ssta\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR25 (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite analysis of how far sea temperature departs from its usual value for the date shown; a marine heat indicator, not a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h27\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 eco.species.coral-bleaching\" data-tk=\"Land and ecosystems \u00b7 Biodiversity and species stress\" data-td=\"Corals expelling their algal partners under heat stress, turning white and often dying, with loss of reef fisheries and shore protection.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H27\" data-tr=\"draft\">coral bleaching<\/a> alert.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"sst\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.85\" data-wm-short=\"Sea temperature\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea surface temperature<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sst\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"sst\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.sst\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Gap-filled satellite analysis of sea surface temperature for the date shown; not a reef or species condition report.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"chl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Chlorophyll-a\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA OB.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds and sun glint leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA OB.DAAC MODIS Aqua ocean colour \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"mg\/m\u00b3\">Observed (clouds and sun glint leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"chl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.biodiversity.chl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and sun glint leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>MODIS Aqua ocean colour (NASA OB.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA OB.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds and sun glint leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite estimate of chlorophyll-a near the sea surface on the day shown, an indicator of plankton and ocean productivity; not a measure of fish stocks or harmful blooms.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ice\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Sea ice\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA JPL PO.DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite analysis\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Sea ice concentration<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA JPL PO.DAAC GHRSST MUR \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ice\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"%\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ice\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.ice\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>GHRSST MUR (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA JPL PO.DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite analysis<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite analysis. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"true\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"5\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.6\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite image\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">True colour<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"image\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"true\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.true\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite image<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"xt\" data-wm-xt=\"NxAjSJ6JoGGZsXu22d+kvA4nR9AJ6Njy+\/Xy2FIyELw=\">More expert tools<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Ocean state, framed on the Maghreb.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.podaac.ghrsst-mur\">GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.obdaac.ocean-color\">MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group; distributed by the NASA Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li>Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, \u00a9 MapLibre contributors.<\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (8 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ssta\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea surface temperature: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"sst\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Ocean chlorophyll-a concentration: MODIS Aqua ocean colour, NASA OB.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"chl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Sea ice concentration: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ice\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"true\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-chapter\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-chapter-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The subject<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-chapter-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"chapter\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-chapter\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-chapter\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"chapter\">The discipline<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-measures\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-measures\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"measures\">Measures<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-methods\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"methods\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-debates\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-debates\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"debates\">Debates<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-bodies\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-bodies\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"bodies\">Bodies and data<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-chapter\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-chapter\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">The field and its scope<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">For coastal planners, port and fisheries managers, marine scientists and analysts of coastal risk who need to read a sea-level projection, a <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h11\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 water.coastal.storm-surge\" data-tk=\"Water systems \u00b7 Coastal and sea-level hazards\" data-td=\"Sea level pushed above the tide by storm wind and low pressure, flooding the coast.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H11\" data-tr=\"draft\">storm surge<\/a> return level or an ocean heat record and know what each can support.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-measures\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-measures\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Quantities and units<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-methods\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Methods and their limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each method is listed with what it assumes and where it fails.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-debates\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-debates\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">What the field debates<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-bodies\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-bodies\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Bodies that set practice, and the data they publish<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Bodies and standards are named so learners can find and apply their published work; the Academy teaches their use and links to the publisher, and no affiliation is implied.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-model\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-model-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The method<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-model-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">From a centimetre of sea level to a flooded street: how a rising mean turns a rare surge into a frequent one, and what a defence must be<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><p class=\"nx-p\">Mean sea level rises by an amount the ice and the ocean set; extreme sea levels ride on that mean, so the surge height that once returned every 100 years returns exponentially more often as the mean rises; the return period of a defence being overtopped is the quantity a coastal decision uses.<\/p><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-04692-w\" rel=\"noopener\">Vousdoukas et al., Global probabilistic projections of extreme sea levels show intensification of coastal flood hazard<\/a> (2018); Hunter, A simple technique for estimating an allowance for uncertain sea-level rise (2012); Kopp et al., Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites (2014); Hallegatte et al., Future flood losses in major coastal cities (2013); IPCC, Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019).<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-instrument\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-instrument-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Instrument<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-instrument-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Oceans and coasts<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-hp\"><figure class=\"nx-ra-sig\" data-motif=\"fan\" data-scope=\"discipline\"><svg class=\"nx-ra-sig-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 300\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Oceans and coasts: 0 primary courses open, 4 in preparation and 5 also taught here, across 10 subtopics and 4 connected disciplines. Courses: RAN-323 L2 in preparation, RAN-338 L2 in preparation, RAN-342 L2 in preparation, RAN-359 L2 in preparation, RAF-110 L1 also taught here, RAN-319 L2 also taught here, RAN-320 L2 also taught here, RAN-337 L2 also taught here, RAT-211 L2 also taught here.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title>Oceans and coasts: 0 primary courses open, 4 in preparation and 5 also taught here, across 10 subtopics and 4 connected disciplines. Courses: RAN-323 L2 in preparation, RAN-338 L2 in preparation, RAN-342 L2 in preparation, RAN-359 L2 in preparation, RAF-110 L1 also taught here, RAN-319 L2 also taught here, RAN-320 L2 also taught here, RAN-337 L2 also taught here, RAT-211 L2 also taught here.<\/title><\/svg><figcaption class=\"nx-ra-sig-cap\"><span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-t\">Oceans and coasts at a glance<\/span><\/span><ul class=\"nx-ra-key\"><li data-k=\"live\">Open, 0<\/li><li data-k=\"prep\">In preparation, 4<\/li><li data-k=\"also\">Also taught here, 5<\/li><li data-k=\"topic\">Subtopics, 10<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-how\">Drawn as a scenario fan: each course is a branch from today, in study-level order. The widening is the form of the figure; it forecasts nothing.<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-src\">Course codes from the curriculum; study levels L1 to L4.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-signature\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-signature-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Signature<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-signature-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How oceans and coasts connects the sectors<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Select corners to build a signature, then hover a line to read what each sector gives and receives.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-nsig\" data-nx-sig=\"WEIHB\" data-sig-ctx=\"storm-surge\" data-sig-name=\"Coastal storm surge\" data-sig-line=\"Mangroves and dunes absorb the surge; where they are gone, ports, substations and water intakes take it.\" data-sig-inst=\"Risk Academy\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-plate\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-strip\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Signatures in context\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-stage\"><div class=\"nx-nsig-top\"><span>Select corners \u00b7 hover lines<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-pairs\">10 \/ 15 relations<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-tilt\"><svg class=\"nx-nsig-svg\" viewBox=\"-370 -290 740 580\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Sector signature hexagon: Water, Energy, Infrastructure, Health and Biodiversity selected, 10 of 15 relations in play, coupling 0.64. Teaching values.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-read\"><div><p class=\"nx-nsig-k\">Context<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-name\">Coastal storm surge<\/p><p class=\"nx-nsig-line\">Mangroves and dunes absorb the surge; where they are gone, ports, substations and water intakes take it.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"nx-nsig-code\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span>W<\/span> \u00b7 <span>E<\/span> \u00b7 <span>I<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"nx-nsig-off\">F<\/span> \u00b7 <span>H<\/span> \u00b7 <span>B<\/span><\/p><dl class=\"nx-nsig-stats\"><div><dt>Sectors<\/dt><dd><strong>5<\/strong> <small>of 6<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Relations<\/dt><dd><strong>10<\/strong> <small>of 15<\/small><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Coupling<\/dt><dd><strong>0.64<\/strong> <small>share of total<\/small><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><div class=\"nx-nsig-detail\"><h3 class=\"nx-nsig-dh\">Strongest relations in play<\/h3><ul class=\"nx-nsig-rel\"><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Energy \u2192 Infrastructure<\/b> \u00b7 power for transport and telecoms<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.8<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Energy<\/b> \u00b7 cooling water and hydropower<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Water \u2192 Biodiversity<\/b> \u00b7 environmental flows<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-nsig-rt\"><b>Infrastructure \u2192 Water<\/b> \u00b7 pipes, dams and treatment works<\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-bar\" data-v=\"6\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><\/span><span class=\"nx-nsig-v\">0.6<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-nsig-actions\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"all\">Select all<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn\" data-sig-act=\"clear\">Clear<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-nsig-btn nx-nsig-pri\" data-sig-act=\"copy\">Copy signature<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"nx-nsig-note\">Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-standards\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-standards-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Standards and evidence<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-standards-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Standards and evidence, research and evidence, profile, what is changing and learning<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"standards\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Standards and evidence, research and evidence, profile, what is changing and learning\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-standards\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-standards\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"standards\">Nexus Standards<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-hub\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-hub\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"hub\">Hub<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-profile\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-profile\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"profile\">Methods and standards<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-frontier\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-frontier\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"frontier\">What is changing now<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-courses\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-courses\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"courses\">Courses<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-also\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-also\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"also\">Also taught here<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-labs\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-labs\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"labs\">Labs<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-standards\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-standards\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Nexus Standards it teaches and relies on<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> the discipline teaches toward, grouped by master standard, with the disciplines that teach each.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><ul class=\"nx-xcards\"><li><article class=\"nx-xcard\"><p class=\"nx-xcard-head\"><span class=\"nx-xcard-code\">nexustandards.com\/hazards \u00b7 4 taught<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-xcard-body\"><h3 class=\"nx-xcard-t\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/\">Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"nx-xcard-m\">NRS-H11 Coastal and sea-level hazards; NRS-H12 Ocean-state extremes<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-live\"><div><span class=\"nx-xcard-meter\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"1 of 1 disciplines teach toward it\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><\/div><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>4<\/b>standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>discipline<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-acts\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/hazards\/\">Open the area <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-xcard-alt\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">The mapping<\/a><\/div><\/article><\/li><li><article class=\"nx-xcard\"><p class=\"nx-xcard-head\"><span class=\"nx-xcard-code\">nexustandards.com\/climate \u00b7 2 taught<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-xcard-body\"><h3 class=\"nx-xcard-t\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Climate and Earth Systems<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"nx-xcard-m\">NRS-M17 Climate, nature and biodiversity; NRS-X3 Oceans and coasts risk<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-live\"><div><span class=\"nx-xcard-meter\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"1 of 1 disciplines teach toward it\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><\/div><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>2<\/b>standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>discipline<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-acts\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/\">Open the area <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-xcard-alt\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">The mapping<\/a><\/div><\/article><\/li><li><article class=\"nx-xcard\"><p class=\"nx-xcard-head\"><span class=\"nx-xcard-code\">nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk \u00b7 1 taught<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-xcard-body\"><h3 class=\"nx-xcard-t\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/\">Systemic Risks<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"nx-xcard-m\">NRS-H67 Ocean circulation and marine tipping<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-live\"><div><span class=\"nx-xcard-meter\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"1 of 1 disciplines teach toward it\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><\/div><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>standard<\/span><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>discipline<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-acts\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/\">Open the area <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-xcard-alt\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">The mapping<\/a><\/div><\/article><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-fs-foot\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">Nexus Standards at the Academy<\/a><span>The Academy proposes how each discipline teaches toward the Nexus Standards; the mapping is open for public review.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-hub\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-hub\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Research and tools<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Research and preprints as they are published, by discipline, with the faculty&#8217;s other tools.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-feeds\" data-ra-feeds=\"earth-environment\" data-ra-feeds-od=\"abtY+VnfRANsD53a+xxAHwVAGGHEnAwnYfAZRBW2aoE=\" data-ra-feeds-scope=\"oceans-coasts\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">The hub lists the newest research and preprints for Oceans and coasts, each with its source and date. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/research-hub\/\">Open the research hub<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-profile\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-profile\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Methods, frameworks and hazards<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">From the Academy&#8217;s risk taxonomy: the discipline&#8217;s own entries and those of its primary courses, with how many courses teach each.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof-c\" data-lead=\"true\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Hazard families<\/h3><ol><li><span>Sea level rise and coastal change<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">2 courses<\/span><\/li><li><span>Coastal flood and storm surge<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Ground subsidence<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Tropical cyclone<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-frontier\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-frontier\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">What is changing now<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Recent developments in oceans and coasts, each with its source; sources checked on 16 October 2026.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"vZfbjtvIEYZfpUAg8I0oacYzznotExhPvLCNzYzhseFLo9RdJDvT7Ga6itIqb5VnyIsF1dRpDtmdXSe5kshWd53+r6q1iB6MR+bXRfilTFjWqagW3lUL61b3V0pbVAtxHYFFIf3yujidn74o5y\/K+WlRncKHIRDoq8VMl6sF9xgeHHNbVG9XFGQx0+VqMbNu9bjBZVEt2udHr9uzovopDklaaHxcogcTE3pYekLTutAA6cng3S35DVCwZMEF9el8MWufV4v+gREuqqvriwswMRg\/6AZpCerftjLRLbVL3Wjjok\/Oq6WzyQP7nbOl+gBYC6XDQaWnFXloCQVYEjFD0iWy8MPZnyDW2Zd1TN4+0yWqARMhYLDQIfORS2tksNEMHQUZjaKAJ2SBH56DiUOQ5IjzVqGUnER9ni5m\/WNZWRfVgiXF0FRf2w04gQ5FKOmG7Xv4pP74yAxrwlsKDCYiC3roUxQy4mKYQO24pYPpOCTH3SvAAPRLT0adfevhyv3rnxESOibOQfcpsi5rEhIFWpM9inZJdUyUM6J5MXFF6T+FwskU1U0ckqEfIZf66u3NX97fTGCBRz\/2LtwW0CaqXxetSM8\/zmbr9XoaiK3jaYiI0yauZoHWPMsl4XJUSamlKLNGykNps0bKUQllVkKWQFF93ZZzK+S\/ah0vs8De7OPLgMDPo4ze3pUxVhM4Ym0Me4Ropuj+PnzPy\/nL8vSsqE7P4IZ6oW5JaWvp1yH+RH1Mf5Tia0MYAI2zrnYGVSqAzMRMFpABYbkjofcYSDBtYBmHYDFtfgXlzy3Bx\/2Gd4ReWrhsydzmmCbgVUebLLGPUdhiB+8Di5NBlPoEl951KATvux6NwCdiwmTaycG9+KjvYFJk1uI54Ueczofn1uISC2huJ9Dhre5gFYsqPbhAux2KzC4Jr4CHVKMh6N9Biww1ek8BcBkHgfn0BIbg5LtovrgbT12TEQZuyXtFeAL49wHN4GVIlFFW+EpLvWo799wVedfGaPlVTkEdU6ddcxc\/C8rAwEOvumFwud+OCQP0MTTsLMEaU5dfBugwaT6S49tt9rW7PYnzG4nmto2+0wI67ygYgksKkuiJ3PPuhLQ\/YBpTk\/kvR7p51lAgxT43hQNNZS5oGetSC1ruxVAeSluGuC535S2qmzsKeKAe1UKI670etl3gPrL\/lV4wL6rT+e\/sBR+jd2bzB3vBO9e0wIQMSxetW1FiJxuQRCib7UBkSCh7eTJIBB10CVyQqFIz9Btd4c2bqw9w0SQiFREMwVKCL1eXP1\/fQI8Z7Bfze1ZcuJeHLPxsOHfknWmIAU7+DB8wDFo0bcsTYBLJs8qFrPI0eMpU7HS9nZLa8BIhT2BJgWonwK3+oIE6xW73Y1WaOAOJOEt8HKdubFIHOGBJmxgshBwBevibzlvr8jD+nvbwXsBoQdQweGqUbGQ3BnQvkm2WVi7FoE6hP\/YwD2sNb2xeso6ltC5Z3t13cn+dbFtQbo+t63sXmvEykbcGq4pZqkUjbqV6UWiCC82T+sOXK7iiNT+hFyja0yFk9inMWGLaZNRn85ezk5MX5y\/nJ0X15QqetTsdP9tp13jCdFe6IG0ibqO3k8dErJLbymjL+Px\/wPjJeVGdnP8\/Gf\/6+RpwD58Z0lLL2GLq6sEf3RF5WLKz+i1nhp\/Ot1o44B0D\/LQ\/9ObuoffRNXRPhF1OCgMaoxmy4GSqAPQptm6ps+3gpkRwPvMwgSGkfCdSVQabH5vBoz4fC1ciKAI5aAt5zvBkxHm8+379fP2Mt\/eEo6Tl6WU1tLts8cCCLuDSeSeb74F8TNQGrGPjeq99RzA1JAwxENikzVkzlJ0GS72n8ZafyNMKg2hwGoKO81IodbByW8d0377QRxeH3Z8GMjHEbvdHgQnrGG2+LvgNmBZd4Cehne\/X8DmhJbhODQb3DxydfNLcX0vcst54x23m\/xvlj9PzbzTTEL6dnDP1+jhtpRvV\/TTt3RW0Av6AwweAz6Kv\/g0=\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-courses\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-courses\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Courses in this discipline<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Courses for this discipline are in development; until they open, study it through the connected courses and open lessons below.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-cc\"><p class=\"nx-cc-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><strong>Courses with this primary discipline<\/strong><\/span><span>In preparation<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-ra-reg\"><li><span data-planned-course=\"sids-disaster-risk\"><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAN-323<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Disaster Risk in Small Island Developing States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Nexus, L2 Intermediate, 10 hours (estimate)<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span data-planned-course=\"asian-megadeltas-risk\"><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAN-338<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Flood, Subsidence and Salinity Risk in Asian Megadeltas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Nexus, L2 Intermediate, 8 hours (estimate)<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-also\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-also\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Courses from connected disciplines that also teach this field<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each course has its primary discipline elsewhere and teaches this field as part of its scope.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-labs\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-standards-t-labs\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">How the subject is practised in labs<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Lab<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What you do in it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Courses using it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Lab\">Map lab<\/td><td data-label=\"What you do in it\">Read hazard, exposure and boundaries on real maps<\/td><td data-label=\"Courses using it\">7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Lab\">Exposure lab<\/td><td data-label=\"What you do in it\">Overlay people and assets with hazard footprints<\/td><td data-label=\"Courses using it\">5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Lab\">GeoAI lab<\/td><td data-label=\"What you do in it\">Apply Earth observation and machine learning to open imagery<\/td><td data-label=\"Courses using it\">2<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-scenario\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-scenario-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-scenario-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Oceans and coasts is taught, as a process you can run<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Press Play to run this process from this page&#8217;s own data.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-technology\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-technology-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Practice<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-technology-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Practice, learning and connections<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"technology\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Practice, learning and connections\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-technology\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-technology\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"technology\">Technology in this area<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ladder\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-ladder\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"ladder\">Achievements<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-pathways\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pathways\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"pathways\">Pathways<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-practice\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-practice\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"practice\">Where this is practised<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-foundry\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-foundry\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"foundry\">Practised in<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-connected\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-connected\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"connected\">Connected disciplines<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ecosystem\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-ecosystem\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"ecosystem\">Across the ecosystem<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-technology\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-technology\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">How technology helps and what risk it brings<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-ladder\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ladder\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Achievements in this discipline<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-pathways\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-pathways\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Pathways that teach it<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"vZPLTsMwEEV\/ZeS9MbBEqSUeErDgIf5g5EyaUR078kxL+\/coLS1UooBo6Tp3zlWOrquaZxAiioxMmlssBmpUtKJYdGRSTmR8leNWxr7iQoyvIvsKt7+ggbZQMzKtai8XzhWWiWDAmrrFScid61Hb4d6l0tkm4lha7p3xlfSYtmET4y9Xl7AOVm6IfRVW4x9pPhV7hUI1vLBM4AETjqmjpBsAvPfvBnXGn59CyNMiJIChZBHQlqDBMI3KJCfrY4e+coOF\/UxgUg7co+aysBiUc7LSU2CMLLrTzUuO9PPvqPF30w4TKxbGBJ\/LYFUGH2XfanlKBLkBVoGzs40hFuAE2rJAzRK4j5zo0IpC5A6V7JCwuWk4UNlfzPWKCgMV3qm\/NnB6XAPLZzmmjHzQbdygImCq4Zby5f1flnB+XA99jhwWtsPJIRbwvKTBkvZ\/23c5+srVPPNv\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-practice\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-practice\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Where the subject is practised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-ra-cite\"><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada)<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/oceans-coasts\/\">Oceans and Coasts<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Blue economy, Fisheries and livelihoods, Island resilience, Marine ecosystems, Marine pollution, Ocean observation, Ports and maritime infrastructure, Sea level and coastal flood<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/climate-nature-governance\/\">Climate and Nature Governance<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Land and ocean governance<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada)<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/fields\/oceans\/\">Oceans and coasts<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ra-cite-f\">Field platforms of the ecosystem where the subject is studied and applied.<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-foundry\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-foundry\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">The two Foundry systems where it is practised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-ra-cite\"><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">Foundry<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s7\">NXS-EOP system<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Shorelines, sea surface and coastal change can be seen from orbit<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Change room, Maps room<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\"><\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s11\">NXS-OPS system<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Tide gauges and buoys are physical instruments<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Instruments room<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ra-cite-f\">Foundry system pages describe what each system and its rooms are designed to do; the courses teach the methods these systems apply.<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-connected\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-connected\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Disciplines it depends on<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-ecosystem\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-technology-t-ecosystem\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Across the ecosystem<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"1VbBbtswDP0VwpdtgB0fehtcX7Ku62Hr0PYHGJmOhciiIcpNs68fJNlpujZrh3YYdrJMkRT5KD6qGkAZFDnN7F2BUhhqKKtvOgJRmqyiHAaDvmXXC6BtQDzaBl0j4Dst0GhRejDaEjQOtwJso5pi651ejZ4EPAMqxxJMCEix7MRTv6jKoa66k4cBdCcwL7ZZ\/ZlH26DXbAW0jfbXN2dfYcl9z1aqsjupq9EcuHBYKO0pqyuj60oGtI83C04pnhteoYElWe8IWnZwpWUT47+wlm\/jwfD+fHl1AUu02OCHqgwuk+O6wgPfRttNBp2j9jTrvB\/kY1n6jpyWzWIdDypD1uWEa8mK0BbzX1Zfhv8JOxSPZq5AVeLRROxsN+mC+LHRlJAeup1oJTmojnot3u1yWGk2vN7Fc9aU1txG9RiQ3EcgiznZ+RMQ\/T2qbwePMrpHTwcALZMkBoi+ZxmCuXohTLP1caDQwOBYkUgUo4c135JLt25\/IOUTUDkot5tkMSYT22N0LSqCYAlCKOHmegZF1o9O078B1ZPqbCx2Seh8V\/BKyKX7XWb1WZDBgSzm46jnABhZ0Xb9DLwvcQFrDMGBtoFOJq0Vjz4iHD28kz2CD8pM0DruAbVbsbNpUwZUlH7DAeyexrYczXMsc73ntMABIZhWk2lewS7f6G4U2Pv9swraYDybLhT3ZYc\/wrrM6i9pFQH4pAXF08RaV9SMKmD6TKUit48r0Z7SLd8QDakPjnO7J1TdweU97v4V2a2J504skqzYK5ZZfX6\/DWn7PuCQcw5+qy2sRm0aconHUBQ2BKL70aBn97eb73FyE4\/9wl+pXa7jHJT\/rmBzTokIC7RNkSZGEZjnQdEufx0qEFTepnCxs4cnsmqz+juuSebJtn9y5BD2GxAGQ+gsOQGFFlo2hrf3nQ\/aegZHQuhUd\/AEyg8gD3HayGJxcqDyWlF81PwE\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-take-part\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-take-part-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Take part<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-take-part-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Take part in Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Start from who you are.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"zVltc9s2Ev4rO7wPTWZEK7LT9JqTNeNTZcczqZyR3Kb5CIFLETUIsMBStvrrbxYAJdlOZKV1OvfFpki87D7Yl2cXw0KtQGrh\/Wlm7vKa8pMMCkEiN3c5iYU\/zci1mN4JSWqFp5mzLaHPRsP7s0kstPKUgbMaT7PNT+GUyLVYoD7NPoq1B7JA4gahEY6y0XDREllzf6EMaN3gaRa\/7SyZgSrioCZ3yt94IUWB9TqXtuaJeRIu7iqtIWe1\/+KMRhjU9+d41CgJi3uq3+B6q\/cs\/B\/2o3DPrYAUWn+l\/LtTtuKXQvt78sdho6sGDYTnb6YCav2VGmxn7FOAR43GqLUHYQoYT2bX30wJZQq8+zotdqfsUSMOG11XCJf8uNWgX6jVQ7cKS+8Inn7vkf4zRh3cT2OxWB\/iPA9FYNx90kAGGE7imNHQN2IXcVzjwtnb5CPDPn8eDauTnSHVa4ih5jgbTQUpa4QGZTwpavmXH\/ark9Gw2YUgzRhko5+VUZ6cQt8DT4KUJyU92LJUEqNViCUaqdC\/BQGm26BAfxO+yko0hK4Xh4JHQaAMUIVwa92NMktYOts2\/giGYkcGrcxNBpXD8jSriBr\/tt83eNd6EqYQrvBH0tZ9aeu6NYoU+n63d5629P0dhbt3w74YDfvNztH\/XUznKMm6CEXjbIneP4nqVYNO8KweOFy2Oj0vhLnxPT6c1uGjJYWGhS0UeritrI\/wAdlWVugBhaMqTECzUs6aGg0JDV4qNBIPQXfXQgO4pXW5dUthlA8wMqDn1sG9d88P6HsUziiz3Ivg2LbOYwcRZ0qJPbhVDAI4lNYVYEvAFbo1yDAYpK0bjYTFEZw7RM6Lntpi\/VewsQ2aXCdJ+ynI643kz25kndXvBeUnJ0pik1opvI0OV9iGgrPVSJUtImAcWGDjSBG1b+CQabk8LtfPRh\/vrf\/8KI23mwc9HXoUTlZ7QfvFqBU6H2b1QKqV0uCtVEjrsIgyhVqpohUa8K5BR\/4tO+XvKMn3IpRxLwb9udzso1MUDJSP5SwOfoDX7t\/nyWC7tObABJamVKoo0HyOoGJ+60STjYbhx8OPW\/IbFkoUcDSkCkUxGpLjR\/DSMqWQVu+QqWGfqkdf54g3\/rNfxtp6TJ\/6vG6\/22NhizVvldJtGHeaHb86fpMPjvPB9yxOMTq3rSnYdnlvKK3rjKE7pPu+Aw8tWVaqyUbjs\/fv8\/OrX6Y\/XU4v8slvHyaz63ln1n0qwlZx4R5goci6Hqcu5TZft4LFV0GZL0n\/ahClD6gZW6uYI4P8LDRVHAeZHzVoCjSUtAppmrN8GHWh7UJo2MQgGNvWSKX3KXkxH+eX058e6ibjzLzGeoGPlXo1OECp7kimG32CpMoQOlVzQo3JMu7h4YVoGs0hwRq9BhV1IicM+3wY2Ti7UpxiQXkoUKoCi5dPaTebXHyldk8d2Q\/5q0F+ko5sFoN4OoJbscJ8AOyDIK1DsC1pZdDDi\/GgB+PjHoxPejB+3YPxv3swHrziP4O9Sswmv15OPuYfz36dDB5rYsipRUv2nhpJwq9QY5K8pLO4IPw29dgy6pRoyltojURHQpkUfXGlCv4CSyfY\/3rgpdCRjbpWUuuw6Iz297ZYIvOeHpDV6MRCaUXrHuAdOaxTUmAWwM7M3MBwCJeChCdnm0rJuOed8oSGlNBBuh4gVcx6w8c\/2rAm55n4pkbBfI03hhfT2TwfD37gqBAej1\/vPYPx1WySz8eXk+l48tVx4NDTONmcxuWOp8eExQ7SnU0pahUdJRpdJf4UrgBBWvheihWlszUIYqrjCejWJn+Lq6CQVVxmDS+m7+bH+Wzw48seNE5Zp2i93aJUztM+ZM6u35\/Nk41+HpkHUJw8CcWbfDDIT15FKH5O0SHp2kWPc2cNKXQwFyUzgOSGHzhBpjxf5ISi3sHvxUJZH4fzCP6FsnXBTM4uYefT9r10ipQUXMOWTmxseTPi5X8ghC2ZAhw5FITMRkBaUyan2JdlZlfT68vJLJ+fnU+uPx2MZALpL7i4MmANWW2X6x7TTZcevS3pVjiEFTpVJo2SK5rSupoNQ3iP3gcf6szRsaslv2Ij86GM5C\/Td\/P8GGohK2V4XMNEz1BYuJfCTFhZMEiEnsC3ilIA2Pn+YGcvK6xxv79Oz69mP59Nx5P8anp99f7q4tN+v93vsP1EP\/qBDnV0bpepGkuYjcZMj6AJPlehcsCHwXSjEITA4EYKBqIlW4tgWnp9BJNY\/wit2QltY71IZsyE+u3fZfihChIOhc+FKSKJ62cjfg3hdTzm2PsSo6P7dP85KOu2j3UoYw0zPk9Y45q+0Yr7pFbv0lV0NTdqtHpQf4QPOWWjC0EVpiSHzE8f1hxxZJGN\/uv45MguMc3oilHOSNCgbTTGoixWrKGUd2vwN0pr\/zZ4Yw9KhXq39m2sVnLdpTg+ouhpCXQW\/MvCz5J\/gaI9gt+rSkIQ3JSOrPJ3Hoyosdcxr16wgRQ1OUkcwSfbcnWOaoWhTi\/RhUAWm0PMOoSkf6aI2g\/IuLLcYxGcdR0xmfsiKh+UvAFrEEorW\/92U3Xe4y87lWItmthMSxwoJpIeWNcdHK2hcdgIh4VB7w86wdA12RjVHnHPrdb2FnzFy8cGCDSCKs9pfcZkLEGV2imdhaUzerq38vWHF4mGzx16ZgdGYj8bvYsvu0I+fTj0\/N6jKNLUxrp9Rv3O6iJ14Rz41L07gg8tX6dUcFsJ2lh47PB4dlnbLqunVS2s9Ed8IMrfHC1DHdWPZvpnMNN+4+zSibrGfhSUrzviQwiYEGNFqULx+YVi859r1DDefatHQ+FVsVvNc4i3LcEmiIYBh0dmJv3Zo87O3gQQp8wblEpoxb7qQcB440GTGh13ppnD+cYaj3DNIesF32K8\/ExLKBudhRuOzvc8MMM3qJbVwrausrbYcJNksaAIShHaq5cEi1ZpNljQVgrd0Wdu4CqdmDNVyoNXhN95jgNhGjmhTKBPlW09VmyPgSySQ6T7kYDHJxuMDFqoOFirZRXKdg48nXmyry6N8lgkkUKhW8TQzK0tAtcaD4XjxBLDzOchYQvxILQ1y3DyjEFcEjcwe3SrzaVAGaKMT2ylUA5lSEasgOHIwY6pGToeUkdxPBhLIMzjRVMIDFb1LVpfuzdJBxKJNKVjEs0jHqFRcM7k+LFzMRLSpnUbK9mGfCkMFBasgett04UDso\/XVvDikZtDCmRPu\/vmV9843\/+XcT73b1L7jeRpNv1tnl\/Mfuve3JxmU14D\/NoT1t3r4jQbC2OZWuhEQ9ik0IguiTNU3Wh\/mnENPH+TjdLyHEleAtlCrOOJPnXv9fqpe6\/Nwk+0hj\/ZltNra8itv\/OdUz51SWNidyKNjjXu4Mfv00KhYRxypLet6yxfKxluXPggY4pcCd3ioXkxmFU4siQBba8tD++XHwrL2Dr2TDZI9sf1E3cucbCIGm0mBVjWOwAfBQuWlTBLZK\/WdrnEIkLFMRXLEg+nef8sIldlibHg3W8cYZgIAz1SiGvIPYQtOQgxMhoDLAV111MRKMfV4f8nAr\/4GN9DFfckEO\/FOuSTjY+EEjs87QIRFjv7cPnsKj\/6+z8=\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-references\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-references-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">References<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-references-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Core references and where to begin<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Start with IPCC, then Church, then Kopp.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-questions-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">13<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-questions-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions, answers and key terms<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Is study here free?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Yes. Every course and learning material of Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium, is free to study, self-paced or with a cohort. Ordinary participation has no fee; paid work, internships and fellowships are separate arrangements.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does completing a course give me?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A completion record: the course, its version, the date and what was assessed, private by default and shared by you. It stacks into discipline, department and programme achievements. A record states what was studied and assessed and does not certify competence; it is not a licence, a professional title or an employment status.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where do the data and the places come from?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Every faculty teaches on a twin of a real place built from open data; each layer carries its provider, licence and date, and every result on the Academy states its source. Maps and figures are indicators for teaching, never an assessment of a place.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I take part beyond the courses in oceans and coasts?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Form a competence cell of three to seven people, study a shared pathway, take a supervised assignment in the National Working Groups, or bring a cohort from your institution. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/for-organisations\/\">For organisations<\/a>.<\/div><\/details><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-mt-4\">Key terms<\/p><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Storm surge<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">An abnormal rise of sea level during a storm, driven mainly by wind and low pressure.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Relative sea-level rise<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The change in sea level relative to the land, combining ocean rise with <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h20\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 geo.ground.land-subsidence\" data-tk=\"Solid Earth \u00b7 Ground deformation and subsidence\" data-td=\"Gradual sinking of the ground, often from groundwater, oil or gas withdrawal, mining or peat drainage, that floods and cracks cities.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H20\" data-tr=\"draft\">land subsidence<\/a> or uplift.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Ocean acidification<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">The fall in seawater pH as the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Marine heatwave<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A prolonged period of unusually warm sea temperatures at a location.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\/scenarios\/storm-surge#coupled-risk\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> Coastal storm surge<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/course-catalogue\/oceans-coasts\/\"><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Courses in oceans and coasts<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/climate\/climate-risk-standards\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Climate risk standards<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"nx-deeper nx-hubs\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-hubs-ra-h\" data-nx-hubs=\"1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-hubs-ra-h\">The same subject across the Consortium<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-reports\/areas\/oceans-coasts\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Reports:<\/span> Oceans and Coasts in Reports<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"biodiversity\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Risk Academy<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-1\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Oceans and coasts<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/climate-science\/\">Climate science, variability and change <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/cryosphere-mountain-systems\/\">Cryosphere and mountain systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/earth-observation-system-data\/\">Earth observation and Earth system data <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/atmosphere-air-chemistry\/\">Atmosphere and air chemistry <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/climate-ocean\/\">Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/\">Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Oceans and coasts<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Prepare with a related course<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Open courses in connected disciplines teach the methods this discipline will build on.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/\">Browse the course catalogue <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/departments\/climate-ocean\/\">Back to Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/oceans-coasts\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/earth-environment\/oceans-coasts\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is study here free?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. 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