{"id":76,"date":"2026-10-18T04:48:26","date_gmt":"2026-10-18T04:48:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/geopolitical-political-risk\/"},"modified":"2026-10-18T04:48:26","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T04:48:26","slug":"geopolitical-political-risk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/geopolitical-political-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"Geopolitical and political risk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Risk Academy page \u00b7 https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/geopolitical-political-risk\/ \u00b7 generated by integrations\/wordpress\/academy\/build.mjs, never edit this file --><script type=\"text\/x-nexus\" class=\"_iub_cs_skip\" id=\"nxe-ast-engine\" 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e\/+JrYhvM823x3xBjugTarqarRYs9kiNPY+23L3NE+Dek1apCRcQ+D52oLQoByOCZ17ohHRvhc3AuzslfeawbWNHnmqEY087KtusHNUj3o7dqsxJ3UdrLd6O3MCcX1St6+6dlBvkWq+PErn7eN47riXH2MFpuON0912Rt9tTRzuthtcXXSXatVfqZ936uep+gk1SMz17xf1c6+Dn\/TvR+kV2OkH3KOnHC4jCf79qDItdSb6SSLUUal\/Z9xr0jPuKSQosMyfHvQUt3S3R2U4uIXfeZiG\/Ygj5zTm5qZ+Ag3e6Ea4qjPSPetL9ftGh7\/r34X+HfPq3pcKatQsdW3emOLF5Q5QrC0bU7yu3AGNXpwXX6qFoESd72IRyF+Xu6oAMvGgr8fw51z3INW\/b9XPlQ5+4F6jRYX0uvoiBZN0zD3LokPuARf7Ucw9FXB0EOTRDocWTf3JNOLAb6ZAdzpN+h3EVoHTzOif0nvR+r1Nn5oVzEflyxIe1DxxpjjXDw\/dnjkHefeW9x4ekOOP+5d7QTLAI0\/L6s8iDiHbSqd+bBH3NWKlUsd9EfoNJbu0qAXLp3MhBpsmaQgd8iy\/nyYRUMxFIsqkPKtZilKyrmocyOCGUXLnWboZ12f+dMrj4GQcRoH9mpdYbG9gm+RF8XTxrLkvbKvO6xZRB7lh1dkjLk+SyXQmeXANBaAuVUgfQfZu9++A9eq7I\/Lw0LVa7RcWLf01E9nV57EEeNttHxzQPKK1HtHWEbK44edpez3itErAeQfL+MHOWU4g73ljW41GvGj0R5qFbBEaxrd5POhPNKYinPhiaRGacj9PQjKW+xahkR8HlWiIsAgViV+NhwiI98OoGu+HkUVoP6pm70eQm6dyPbbBUwl3Qh5V64EIiyhJZCUBYyxCp5EfV1MwBkY261dHNutbhE5gMauTgVEWoXegjlApgjHQLRDXVvsFMdB8Ei2rrScRTCuf87USGAN1rVWk4s5BmriW0EARo0Xo2A+LtH4iAi4aEIcycpV8\/Vh6I5UiiUfQiAiLpiEQDnyY2wFIqyotR2kDgGA9rr8lbrAlLrBIr8TKHOjDWh3OcANashPYQ0AbJswIS1khhSQrAVjk6vWxzQHRcqB3OXA7luz66vUxlr6e+gNOMh6l\/LHseLGSHfnE81rm1iHYZBbJcBotQdDsCyDINLYTJc0kAX2mIj9SB9zuQuV13MMNjgeHwKbquIsbHE8PgQ3XcR83sA87ole6fnyWhYLSmDOUAXbe2wRoJkXLdthzp+U0SzcWWVxZoHhxSWnVbd5okR0Q1ufZ30rVdRrTSBULvM+2LXPStNNyJNmxeXevV46DMKFNYHShxp0nOmqtQOVE6Yeca30dewU6ItfhPXfihwfUFMFA9PBwoBUOfAHwHxy2coWAICNOUeGxn4aDor6fFHLnCuOyQTJd2gBMBOKMRJsH+mzTszLHg+pceqvFsn1XiJyqy6k68hGv8Hv2HVRKBX3HbUlIRqNoS0moNvY0DeE+Vk8MgKGqigEgSEZnU6ekZ7W1YJO2aJNkdAzX3M3M5+oaaofmsgf5SKY0rjbpv9XC4WxBlw5nSxo4nAV0GsrB2OEMf2mf+3C8OZzpryyjyLErt\/2U+emUD6Q347s5g61Fz7iCD+5dcvuaLeg1W5KdMZXeZ\/ta19+mz1+QnQtOhXdtmti54O7T\/LyH\/QrTdc0WpI61p2FsS7KTfwuyc80CylXqIEkhFWLeQanlllKQR5Ui7lM2m2Ibambdpwz0Jrx8HAf0mgU7rNmGpKEP\/Qx2Wvv10522+5RFSXJ7lPePctOmqjfwJVznvivFg3NfinBhF0kq4lMiokDJAN6xYTLq4F8Wpq+SnAGiorBj0HwJFWr1DlflGG7N8MoXiPxq25o4W0zb1WYCpRHg2dVatLrIwwPoi5Cd5+1ms1jtg2YT5gnR6BtOVm8Kgk3txmJBSYb6SZPpiT+pgCRnC7iQsQVt0lPicrbE4JI26RCCAQYDCm0VfFy+T0939ghkQJDCTCXgygnUjEZcTNc2K43JKmYLj7NF3ZZs0eBsQXaEG7Olx9kS4pYNDnALcfqixxdTGz+iZAQ9IvUiKFlAGpVEsiOIG+vO6a5BvfjR0BGqfr0BvHy3QT792cgjyY7I6CSZo9LLJgaAtv1+ah+zRaPYNCpm2QDgfMkOFM81T8k7fMyCXVhH8rLFG\/truY51n\/XmrdRsepnvYvKSNVsZTSWfVlb5mi3qXt65He5esyVGqL5hRLCzZaJN13Y4cXUPsFy1T1jezJ63tWM7PAP9rLgCCtX5Gy+niTTwQA0MgKpXMouDI7lWVNErCVICwDqo4DvY2IIFbPmyAXNa4HVzVYo8O24IlrAl2cWM5ioAcYs6RC12ovrpbpvCdd2G6HuMvt+JSA81TUfnyZyv9eqa26uFA\/ONxE4DrxR06cCE20CDNPBOkSn5b0ZFAvpkG6cZVGOOAVFA4w7b02eF0Ishd0BzyNQ2DePBeMtug+rgpBn4ExbsytIJAzGmels0OPPjEdm94PmRBBn09uFssmzEpNLifZJMjpdbl0Z2bphZOyTLKA5dKaEBq+eYBTv8McwCC9jhh62y5DTyWo1495gFrhpQTBfOMUy1gKk+BtCO6NI5hrkWMNfHAAygMY1kqC6UATK85ds7jedOq01j77h8NObkW2QHdG6WGdsOiuMtJvV5cUTGgIVMd+blXI1gLVemSWFkxR6BUts7PpSWQgVF5JXipuoZKcPIcYG81utotNpOq030JNTW2vkw3WjlNLmLK40oUDjOwaBS+JnTeFaufK15sorsBlJPmxnUcCDHIxk+TDEViN4tqdhPld5omZuG5rChzMMQ4qgwOvTFFsR9zYKXe3wfkgfbUbsqHSeSX0x5vJnB2jutybswriWQXLPqIfPjwTgRLPYnvG6POhatWfWFfUnqVg1IQsuxLFK3WO2KRyEf1vw4qCnGSVr7e3H63KqP6xYKNCM+CvthFMqlW8MbbYqZFeMhrfmCo0ATbtS\/pax2KXia1q54yiU2VJNJbZBMeK3vD25dzAqSzVCmtSkXNeTxYiV9UJdkFhzWoKCmlNg3BvrT7v69OH5es+p\/2JXhk4pKI5hNvNI3zE+8\/\/rdFY8DLriwVz5KW0Nf6y370XTsG\/XQ5I6LS5Q38HjAHWscjsaNKRfDRExAr9UCWwruvWJBMtH8LjfkDNX13vsTvqayZ0HiLzDBZhUuVQjKOpz5QXAGjIJ3YSp5zIVt3fH+KAINBb6QUZJKq5BqBmQVsKlAzoK2rLCJeyRt62bMayPhT8fhIK3pwrU7P61BDbSWJrhYw8iXuLi1MMU1rN2FcoxJqT\/htRj5TimzSEZcKZaaY\/iKIV8sVgY97p\/S4xCDeq1ccmFzdn70+dvN2eebD1dn367ffD0jDw\/AicyU2UlAVtlT6dmxPw9HvkwEC\/g8HPBzPknEsrM9+tAzFK3CJ0WusS+CO1\/wkyQezAQsYrmOLal5Ve47DS3XAx5z96kOXXKBV59wzk\/wwmV\/py3aatI2PyDu\/HEmaBDOLciwBTaUAqcFif8xbMw5cb\/8Q6NftrQpw6nlfmGqcqW8Uq34C3Hv\/2k091tHg\/vYcmdMXdrfJwFnYZxyIY\/5MBHcvud0xmK+kNdhPwICzf3EN4Tnv3VzvnYyk54FeqlW7zfifvSAtamZsasbZ0lPnZBe3zgJ5ZHjU5ScOzOawro57+jZ56PXzph+mjin9I+JM6T9vjOl08C5o+Mj6Vxyerdw7ji9u3fecbjfL5bOB0kXy3YUOV8kkoDT1PlBlQ1C6ky5MkCAfegkHLXYz32ZOoLTcZLcps6fNArn3Ik5HSSRM+BoSXHuS+etRPuUhaRTP9qC8D9muhXno6Cg4XMjQuebpNwXJ1E4dd5ImoajmAdHgvvOK0lB0zB13ksa8Ej6zpmgWsXW+YvydOD8QYcT6XzlFGxSnLGkYL7CJQ3T5NRfOiecaj2GQY5\/59wZQDV+kMykM5Pa2uIscuZc3eOczzRMP2qRzJZTS6KRwLYTL6OjxI+u+HBL4rExLdie\/DSjQqPs7RleZTQFTtNGSnfG6RnvgT2AfJ34kXMNFiFLsI9yEoEz8w7H7vzgkOcdnE3OpaRJ\/BpJyJMIxFBl1Cqk0r8KgJgGYdX75M55X5j8VLDwLOXi1Jc+08lqtwVMC7W8Zc6gCrQR2Z9lArGkTGuTjN6cfT5xLgSdhAvnu1DWD84bsA7ZPi0Rz7JcfU6gHtKvi3ThPkBWJ13R82RX9LLsxrvoGMUE+4SeS+KcS6CXtQr8D+AlWqYXFln9kPYJyU6UesONe8KA9ebd4I97woCd5t3gj3vCZlPvhs2muLdj7HS8IYp+8p\/JomOyplAYebmEOUZtwYihlS8XKJzug9yXi0aARjhW5xXvRlp23TN0acy7cc9bpXh7UqI2rNGJKBJi5TIZKv89lR17mzCNGEFOftW45V7LBXGfX0snfhTV1DlXsyd40oFGGZiXpsTKXoHJ5l8AFDmZAyACkzQyyw9aNABRnXzQOsIMpqPDTn47VUoA\/6sOwLoKQEUDAFFzYUACKgDlO3Khv49UG0uQ819w9r2tkoHOugDAUexkX1Sj3VesZPJUrqscDWopA55anSU7Ojm7fhVGk3BwUzKVWrL3SSlcrfVMG1CVazdGVQ8PLfcVUwZc5\/6UwVx6S3Z58uo6GWrzt3N\/6r5iESjaA97HKmO\/H\/HAe\/IkYWXDJpbExYQBNKxma1REfo6iYNOiCQuDh4fcOBfMfh8pgDcGelnJDGvinrDrGy8xR\/ESxonKUBrDdaCT5YiybS\/suRuGhq9kpT+05vNjoPfkP4e9yp6XXgkOqfBe8a40GxRVz0RVL1j+DCWUshq6N\/aEfUKR+R8O7Zis\/jTIXR0TK7jxczqMndgkaMm5KsC0ygMU1J+qYJGSYT7Qh4BM8GtyYFyWafp5TlaIcS46SgPvyQ+Wct+wMBQNe86hoCJnAYRe8wR0x5b26c4eHe7sEVrkqwhjiBsxZBoBl3fhNYzdd9uNCu7v0muwAxeb9SL3HVxb7IhkbwBuPsOft\/DnE\/z5Bn+QB+1VWc+gkQpTzxfTtqVlTZp1bTfpz9jUzvaK0K6xo\/QNTW0oAGgrrUzshOaHe5Uc\/Hfa5r+T7Cn0NQZwl\/B1Cl9fDSEaeAnLLdaZVnBSiJUlcQfQstapNPAd\/weaXTE36DTmgEjv\/PQiLjgnAZ5IJl6LvK4kg7MIaRkb7sJZVDkp3hs\/Alzrtv23vTKi2y7vKcYnksAd\/ctkOOHCHG6DiPsCLBDF3I\/sShaSCd1\/gcq6uGpJbLkmiOesq8t4uV5Y\/LOLgz+QnoUb3+oVsRjhWb\/Vef03vFGoPRtvu3xNga3BA4taOAQLJvIdk8JXBhs5uRXhvEVspLcSWRXfLAjTaYLmHZjHAIqRwFYtDEvpneLb6RbfvZycm4Pq1GFgrCHmYA0RDu2gO++xiT\/tPDFfBQ16m9u+klWeWnQQo4pglhFtVPKODeBaKHhsjN5W77T+YikNGM5ZDk0\/fh2YfiAsBTziktd+dHkvy6bcWEw03aT0LUrfBbosRSFyLIUNKi5qkMV3WPr+Iopv8A7D07ECNM4ZsEKUhparVcxcrWLmahUzV6uYuVrFzFUqZk91SKl5uVrNy71FO4w\/udGfgytyzMUfN+fvPGv9Zo5iPB7PQ5HEcP+GuS8FlWuOcGifGNRz7k\/JqhxSjZ4wcAxx6YemTEmXjRv2P1qu2IaVAvvwMve3c+lxF1SZOXFBL80dcqaVzEBdbcgZ6JmpeKVq5jWBmBUd6Vio7wtgd8PtlDOZ0GOSaSU4VyvFuTfcPqbXxH1vaFv3B5hLzaRtWeSRDZ+r2QOj1Cq2M\/CgtImDZ4sOMr6AGcoNM7Qmk+S2BiQK8E4lsEUtx\/oIkvM8I6tZpH7DDA9W7WFBVpGwf282SfZXGakCRY7zN1KTV6jKK7g6bOcziWr9a+PoVgivtGeRiqMj\/o+oTgD7FVAalR7v8BIDxtksKpKIe5ZMkqjvC4MHn8hKk+KfdPrEFgYQMkwQcW\/iU+QlWBQnGYv\/hPJMC56XQXix13Tjw\/VpdWNjBhZ5hSGAut0VRglRb40qDB4dXH8mJdxe3UBR5ybCDbYMF+yi3eCxgfgDaVFLUd7k8WyaNI82s1SPoQhN29S0OOZMgm6WYH1hRzCzZWZeoOjr+T+PeL424vljI57\/fMSa8Mcaf+VcdecVjDevjMg6iv1omYZpzVTryipLUVCA9xJP0ZFsGIpU4vgV5uj\/KqmgtkKfrPqPsjDntK+lPnI9QVRYmyUU+7VQrF3ryFEUbfRFQQTuZWUO4DVdeWhOMVcCyIM+\/09nFzOMfgZyZBtA6b3\/T9NlFkNPGKhQmUVcu\/9tRwZ5N5d8owfFtAHNvdpGcyk+ltzgr5GVLPHWgIQx6AOOLH6YExMu1wRTguRzXlwFeaQ1gbEulIR59pIrzK6yTDzPe0s6luUY\/eIswztB5VQ4gQEsufdkydUFYjsy33KMoY7MTzdCzapDn6wkdmroSIfWjLcrWkNfSrSGvolQdGY8HWFplOWEE3\/EmYVcLKeIqc2A01oDaV06i1llPd6Ikn54cenJneIg1sVrjzK7rRwoIA8yrnIeHsBXjvA40y5ywORon8Ze43RH7LZp5KnfwGsM8WPuqd8+GApcwZ8jMCDA5T1TCiQDHkZ2vCvJjnTPDr3IPat7kqzso3r9X6BDkDvmeXg4IJ2+c0XUNfqMsj0aUPyZk+xI272Xaw3yWue\/WmsM1Z3RCH9KEPHN\/qqmcML1ZfMYXQeYi7g7WZcEmdu1Rcv5iwwQ+ypKfLnXVteIr4SCJgPiPdMIcMOutV8je8LpL6lcogyaELfP2VDMUjmbnMyiKFet7PMcBjb1LtXlv89znaw+z75zb4Ue1Zxvdp8oV0nON\/uKZO4PBCLvO2eYoTRfAHJAbmOH\/8gdJ72Dm77devb8+fN264Du7z\/f+729X+YPFE6WiOmNJEjBY1W5qyU\/WqurzGKcxWbPVmPz0m7JXAFVC0H9ZmeP76MSsP5o4wc0zqQvRlxWizRpE7QRNb\/E5CkiiMuFUhosd+J22XlyUVZTkd7pTou9oEab+hoHn3N4JG3v01YbdJbE2sGQgxjYO23AE2j1zWIJzKGgrKi91ht2z+NQjsEk6ieZxokI75OY0D7usr7XdPuHugW3b4i5Ky\/30fLZjqG3X+w+2ZWoiEzZM0KPPCBPkpjbwEgXUzugV8SNuv2dvZ53xIT6rLcgMNKBNgT62fqBhHrEj+2uCPfSG17mn4nHmGT2as6F5AscufGFFgbAjj72B7fXYcDBGZfWMAj4VI4\/iVAaY1lsaOtWewMGg4CXL0CL32u0NGy84WX0\/EcZPRezrvyFPTw0qfTAwsdV6u8mIfeyYmCJe3ka3FVmvDPjh4UIo+z9Ki+hNKlC0GlqN\/df4FXpT3m43\/z92Vpyq9nez3XrLzpNp+QxgJtLVMTXrj8wNLjZvGxWGOhcc8YlbK3ChZyn5FJkBdaQGAO8DlBGV1uUcpyESupa5oIT4lbi1eW5iOqHfuo19nljv5QvBhWR6BiS2srAzSsSlaTTBYbDUMKBx561XcEEmjCZkEym3lB\/9xMpkwmchCqMqsEtvucK1AF+xvdd8agC8laWVaw4ijn6Xnd1VaSQXPBV4PqY8yD9gO1pU9LS+SYLGERYM5jrB0NahKz0R06m2UC9Y5QxXsN9Qzom4zqN11kqZ3xaVwOxooHNLZ7YqsC7zVWbHuF6x9SezFTfNWF1DocTZi1HlMfyhFfTLoZDPZ5tbGKTdfvYoO0F7xh3Y2hNDCcHCFp1VIXhVCirqd1\/maSKUB5zBn7gyEp\/5PsmbwaMTsCZHGbBr7U860xkIQrzk622guBjhddbhzJnGt7yeh1YQlyx0ZG7s\/22sYUexhtGhR7GU5uLqpJbzbbAyuaW91ARDAzOoUs1q34LLB0C3B0OrB3gCGlFJtRFm8WDsR+PeMCMoThMy+UTz7vt3Nu3+T74wu1bEPegGyWd0ahWaXntIJlFQS1OZA389CmVKtCBqglf8po2KfxvtK3yyT9C25+Pypb2cRkecs\/VPTuCmtVMhgBJxtQRsBzoJSgpCQx5Dsv6ePIXsqowKDVp\/wsrKOFyVl5BXjq6fojCdHtY3CCAJ1WwFot10XGYqLmQiuzmDZOUmXKIIkr5ND9uv6mayPmVL739NQZYqZB23sRScMtcsP5pUChbNIIMaatu2WBct7bbJr1NjqlqV3kMil+W0FjhOvLhob0PrEBhWwqGQGJSs5Q2PmqogPavVZuklYvaR1FYe9GAzmmfXqndelS5uSlXrvTMO2LaZyvK6KUfB74IlNnrN++sU9A71zqtIHmQfHIGYCRVdun7jE649CPt3ze38oI63imvsFurUGLRI6ZNvQ5bZPWNlS4lCuS\/mXQvz+l+YwVB5RXeR76WKTdOv2lvYWioBErqO2NzU1KaKRBJJ7we7baJ+3XNsqWvCIcLNZc3EnVWsBr3K\/sxgwHFmqoHHaMPcSiVMVdqbzPtojeSZF\/LhMuTJ0eloPs1P\/28VRgPEydQrrwlvQ3jwOnThQOq3jGVydSBTtOxE9EwcAIWBqhsfvXw0M\/UlCKTQEue5LZ7oYo6g2z5rQHoOULfSltS9jshblBiuowD4elq\/wgEKDeUU9GjuXS\/IqEaSFIajCrjBTJTZOxX4k612PsrTvC8cloqT8BMu\/4t3Xj++kfD878eVbq0IG0L4ry1aB\/LlVHVHKQ0Za7qX5yAZEqJ+Hnk\/MXpxPlaOEX6quhW7q0WDhhzgEBJWSCgNEl7y81lQPnG\/WQo4A1Nj20sFXSbUPJP8j8o7UjS+dGVvc7uv+3cVXT6gBTRQ+6W+iH3NU2e7jIJPoYKnx1Gy6fqI3UFtf4CCQrsLq3VkEcBYZkplpKhIfTgC6lcocqwtsNA+x+2GFhxgqEX+TkrdaB1bbCq1OuaFnpunqz2ZFoce+KflCqG1H7deQ0WJuB5nOyM6+1mkzx+e1xnvhSuw5svzEXyNJn1I45XyW0XSFFoaSy9QknDyDSFvjgKAgLINSBD78idJ4OCsv6TV1VO1pbvyZ8l7yI5xo28D3BbCzw7AtPoSPkuoHMIt3uNSHk7eHg43X0G\/Vp4QcV8ZbfF93btta5pZ814HO60d\/TAiHsh7TIppswmSHZRoVU\/5HeS\/zP9tg3VIqRwSnpuxSayOup5ieN+ssjNzbWvkSIFLIkqfkeKlFav5IOkktJ+tMxer+K3xCjZdU\/BiooO8e\/pDnuO388PSs4jLpC2xF2nt8DGroNrC9AI0jOby8DXhiUvplJ72zbYbQPTCxsiK7wMAOscISgEFyj0i4C\/WohOE+3V5U8BQnLI9VR4JZ3X6k2Ifq4kZtSvhguM+3Y7T9vwy3OW9hov2+YM3wZ4eGg\/gyFR7GxMI68JkD8DntUx0GdhPDqJQh7LK\/D0RpT7EuR\/k8PnzWaHs8qDAiaore0T\/gjp2edAPJjN17dvJJuQRt8GpiwQUcXbJ0C05Pl4SR0kjNFnoHKM0dlztiWms36q0InVaVdyADmCnpI0Lu2gdwLQ20VB7XxDQHvlzbsx8O2v2AQpzkpVikTJo0bgY1EdedFLUHPKxbdRve6WMsIieNK9Mgum6MMrFOFsHu46UyFdxstyLv25quppX20VBIHMpST1iYV9RNwrdqd9GX3zjkpEo+JQut\/YsjxgmUxdoTDqN7ag39iSfmP3VH\/XJYSUtkF+8JVJ2TWJwdf\/VWAgCoHBZKvA4OuvywuKI+sZHEeTn8kIJtuZnT9YpP1UTvjaAp2YTxv0ItVRNqnwQOMSXwLxhUCcL+D6WBL\/iUL8J5Qwj5OV9DCoaA5pbqAGsioIIPbWtgKNwE1TUI7G6\/fDg2WVepAzQts0Lu8ekvdIRXdFr9vqdcoBYI81cwPJqO5Zh0DkvgTrtyJfs1e3ala9XJDUrcO\/d1VeHBvu7MEMbSBNLSczWbMl9wfwvkINVPYjkpeqRzlrCcsqx6bl4q9UDBjr5uOHXH8UPry3pKCbfavmDxUf5yvfKA532zFYLirjxZ92UT6y6TUbJCAu5igpWx0qLzh6CmUoI64ny8RHroSdXcAXKH+uSnZIHJ2vUKl4nBpwgUOoPwvwr7or+cjQv5Dy8qlPT7Iyx+ijhcL4VhX5zsnKSMsezw7ufghxNzOa67PK0t3rYR4QyP28smtdWzVntbbr7l4v85V+L7CdlDG2tya7+gUZkYPNprdLrSlc7lG5as1gRmVn\/Hl8DJBHqSmqm8C6FqG6EYByd57SlT37I9E61hHoWOcmNbilp1WkorDDFBCJG6\/dhuPyEXDbeWNXI4gTP3o8f2TKpVX88zP6IwP\/VlsyKT9TnY9MuaAq5QBt9zz+o2IJud+4HRPDGAZvRIoxDF\/MPE3iJax4uGQtbcde8150cOC0SIaogFd1JL7xAmOvY0\/NH5YGYXVwBziyhIQ6Hxm6sOLVuXb5Y0Cwyf9ixSNaHdkRDsKcI9DPSF4JSJPTcM69Abffwnmh+3LFdUC5ENtSe87K6gini7Le3taa8\/dZPFU\/2zuA91nUEVhlnRgwW4+nkbeQZagaB4Ls6P62WBsWwY0fmxkYez4cGJugESkfrn8Jczd4q0\/HhOUv\/rD8eZ61OyE4gd5yTZReizXbB3XWbh8U1z++2+Z75RteOLTfbox+PeaxEb2tAgVdyI3K1uYKPD29\/dnasHadtQ92ZOXGWb4j\/yVK1HcIt4sbphyfl621tPezinXef+TxFazzjsE6T5EsN8z42bGPjYQXXW0XbaBB3fGvt3GMFnTXYPB23I3hEmlUdSv793PhdXWAjhvWpCNqC68yGuNjG0gMRdCV61\/vyjUA4kp0o5533Y16bgxfHP4UT4R0o54DUZW5iI2Rxg3oHsWKVXvOvRU8t+KADaUTU186Jbt+5UGeTlJHPjx8tssQbh6qqge7rTbdlrIl0l+QrDpjN\/8niy+LxS8pGpodWiiFfLZt3oAHLyXZTTmbpEqJQnivpS2Je6PUJ1KOL9BQpZ4tQBFboRhwEteojMq840V2N6Knfqx8xZmhRV7TjQ5zvX03giNSwDLlRIMKFecgKr\/soJhHvvRaZGUUxU2doFkelOoMdJ1BryIoUDEV6wdXxZVaDjZa1nk2hNw33L6mxzmjadPVRzi0z\/Wkz9Wkn6tJPy8mvQ+TPs8n\/VxP+jlOeh8m\/Ybb51pDHhnhOANm3wXC\/kkH1CV70Gk5rN2mR17OxbthyoOUTQAXgZcm+4q4R2pcqMmqde9NdUcFQGlHRxU3jYbFyndnfKfdaNGGLXfPONlp11uUHRA2i6dKEcF+mjshTZynG\/diGjgCCJayxzCtPBHeoxFKoUkpylSC0fzZaAZYaot6i+y2d2ac2q2GBE9L7Z0zTiW7L7G5uJ+zfYCH7j3KsAHGzqPSTbiNWqRHtcUycj5EhfOBJobduLdhigyRj7WpbJORU9SJtHfbXNdGPx8Sof5IQ6qffQr362lD4l8IoT6JTq5DhFIjUTnq+z2SFQ7RC+2NYlZggvItp4jlpEola09YQCCjTtkElMc21hjv6CgmK5ElC1oKLMm6880yAbPbrj+rl2OA4\/Pw0CR1JGvizlpS51lzZ+w0nSYhwIM+EaASj6vA7kCH4K5w9yfgOpjgY02fFFeuSTGuJPrRI955xp7VwZ2R2t65LWcn6LZ7h60OPD7QEOxut\/3Sa2OojqFDb8YbENHqNdrPVFqrd3jGG\/tlMcnmXyUFe3LDlIcgO841EOaF1sa8A+nCLqU9foNQ7lGKZLzDeZ5nkNdcrWjfE+wOVGxxSH1QwsXO71McVR6xX9iigcrsUSFUOTLAcebx7hFyxq+6zd7hWbfd61x1272XZ90mfMFEdPfgaw\/iWr3NaciHW3qbZ55vgisA4oJJZ7QV5sigQ5UFV+UvZcIjAs56z8LPCN4LqwjUi7UkdWu6oGuJOBmYQqzy0XumDfCfvCosfbTy0wI1dbQKn62tB16Z8Dv6FK9af8Bx0dmgRF56mGDmAwNw8fRtksF+RZD8g3srH9x841MPSrxY8h6W0+3DCitb1bXRYp27pQf4\/qK8vld+O0cUSKLq8wcU9MDy9S6MR4rpiNsK9bwr0X8gRqPx+qt6+6B\/2u32KP7v0cBr7e\/TudcE\/YWSvmigNEVhRv0AH+fUbg2V1oXd\/1frWZ0dkN3Wsx1JaDmp9N3fbT0jmO33HUHAlQ\/l7Or18RHl7MP76zev35+dfjv+cnMGNCM0fuU13avDPfcKGo+6Vz0tsexe9bTg4sgDW81pwab\/ll98vj3CyP9KJwV\/\/mtjwjPSfd7uadOFyniBwjBeGEGK1u33Gkcg\/6mXols6ulWNbuvodo+8bO+T1bxez2D9EV68+W7gKgjE8EuPNavKMGeeJbUNXcUngFG7CgS\/q\/k1UE1szOIQ4Em9YwP6TvO6VUuGNase1K2aUoEJalNctloQAkDUgAxCnSfBU0lw2z6ie3W2XffKuENTHYlrfjSBV5r4ZCqXqif\/k8aV78MOMs8ZQPc+GgbxzZpkCElwKjy5ZrpWsU5VxAHwmUDKiinduAdOjFdSK1WWGE5ACkuyAgyToaaUIO6nUl9kLrQlq7\/sksc9XaZ0g7fJSr\/FgIfiUuKoMHwkbN8vZ442MZra9o8SS+6MF8dr23hYVJhTe+4nxD37WSZF7RDj5ekx1WMqUL+UxoVusX4wRmnhFU\/2Pjy0qOysV1J60rdIqrz+q31BgsfLPKtRhi0ajWk5A8le4fMreQRcQAvt185\/pYg64y+9n6u4\/pqqrOobaEHb6BaJqvZKB9RG11VcUUQZveLTZdoCOgeWtKTBB5p5qVExuvKXA3x4O0ulUYzS\/tPK14n21usEoU+Nkmi3t7ahCsarobSn4J3HzBuc+oifMVYj6MhLwWpPgjLKQKrbdmoLMxVGl8\/INAHLMvWmr1P1TxP7xX0kZNq\/odYDKCxprfzVIanzgJdfuFQq94zq20EXCh3lyaFILMJa\/lG0PqvcyipyDL5FjlEIijhShWWJ0Nqk8rJUKp9YFduNUZy0EhXZU5EGJ5Hl1KqR6\/In7Y3Et5XHlKhc3XUyEwOuaogqxTZ98Q9F2Wqdr6mlmuPhS0ncA5O2JrQrS7z5khS298XTNrH3pXpHAIwV5ZGKlIHXBd0vv0xhfrZlvbVPX9AZb8SNF2QLnfnZFo2o0WrSF\/SMNyKTiVglIMg1NT7xsnE5TMYnXpmNT2s+BnTmSjTmKg9fPWlWfTQyLGg\/y9L2JODPXV9aR2TF617JLSeoZucOSLM1Cybzqn25UDqLseDWfKqCx72tYEWi83gWCSxqkGl3dHPK5BEk00EtQAe0sNVUWpzU\/GASSglvOGI+cI4qxyFYVIKvUaema6+B8iy8BmmomNOzcxztLX\/Z7BRX93yUkdZdL5TTAS+AxnrHAorpDx0ClXUl+rSPeUfvrWNOEBuYU\/6Yr8\/6MddTVX1qPlcm4HVvwTt5gUfy1a0axDeKhNoURBppzYZX6Dn7ntb4Qmk0735PJ7Qm+AgclIqaSO5obc5FOAx5UOsva2M\/HRPLCbGljvox5vqmI480huapMKo\/BajzJ6imDM7Q4CScqurV+5pBANwY578fF5KAsIfhdc8UlzuV\/lJ1IU4q49PAAK5wt8wFiKdnEU+t\/3\/1ZgvLBzSvSju6pCUZMkMJb3J98rSuBLzv8rr3G+LwmlKiBR87f9iC1H+zXsLXLXCrHx4qxdZOhrJQtuq3pWg49vK0ruwpB1r4nj3CtP7Oss3eCHQiDH0B1qvxNmyTOiC0um002wwoat1DvCXwmi+VckKZTkWVUlC8r3EffOde18AfTloLpVZVKA7Y+wqWLb2Ak59gt7JrgRi2YdV5TxmvCePZCTnQ4jGHR4YRaRwsv6xF4WPujmpFZu35qPMkxtdD4eHcoLD0yqPU4VF1p1IJ1S14b92vIZFSs+qibjEry35UZF2B0WkujIz0+bNha\/S2on36tmSNpC+VKRsmg1nK5n40416JoxyEoJE44DeJ\/bb8\/ETh9aokZn78\/qK5yMBhhtjPmoFKTcQXxT9VD7sd4SPygXnMDV5r+6g59bMtLpu1w+UJj2clb83GrktJHzzPCxWTd81\/M\/gy2FYp6sZzgWfXY5U+UZXqSV\/3u3PEu5zpat4EPQ8nSt++tDjqli9T+0hdFWTxmHXbYIMj3pX4lnWsPlu9nvuRe6vAKb2wgM7ywU0URR\/5+A4O9eORfnNC+nEbH8dpQDKNkQmHrxhMlg661a\/H6lk09DC7yjLlMegjvhVAXL0MZaljBI9roDMT6Kx2asTScTiUf\/KlCQ+kiP7kS6hgNXXeq0d\/EulEdOSUXhLABOi9+oDOV\/oR6H4AGKBXbPTFeKnm9cSfypngdmmiScnr9c\/XFhDLxtqu3cmlXjbQoqyuJ1mtL7AE2uAjN4u3ZY3Fxhrjwgpc40h9tpA\/V1pfXDG4MFFcxQgXy\/7IWfDw0AKr8NI6RwYCaGSgAoRjuP51VbLt3jB8V8L+yJUJEykZ5gXcKJXiw1sBZ6AITY88fHQLg60erEXOaHjLac4Ouyqxxo7Uow9v+cs9fEJ1uykdPLtRaI1uuOgK4L4jQbqmHtawr+iRgYhCdY6zEVkhT1ix1La+UwHVnUFN5qUPLEfPaLlKMxOZNgnFtTUOD2UyG4ytCnh881Kx1sa3J553xY1i6RUH92TfIOErWX3j9lekIL\/h9zft60rY3x4e3tJSPTPzYuJMpInwvnUMzMIhWNZCniIHWjt5WwNIV4NjIf42sFjynaURawUEOm\/5obdXdYGg9+\/aeMegf+l5b5UbSGEsSofCFpXhSHsGRnvVS6KoXhI1+17tikeXMC7E+1oGLisycMAQQnajnh3TL2rzUP00WAkvZFlm8JqvXe49Cp1Kf\/4neGQ2tehU\/BTVDOAIjf4xW8T9CkpSrgcrl1ADWlyDFo4BVb3wivp23YwU+r69zbsxhy49jv9wD2gsblyf4pPY\/p98WRgvbD6JMJR27mYCnvtttyln6E39C1FonmR0BdQ4eEbXJjZb+xj0owF4Cv+nc30o7dIB1HbYgWmnvFmG+nFZc1LfMPXcDcYWFM24JBJ\/675Vhq4Sd6zUR3VVMrrNvoHljss19Ye0hnJA9M0cKfx\/qWiDN5OhGkNFIyapctPUc3boCE7x09btvz5wz\/7A67yep\/wr316fuX2jHsaT3Q+8x2RCiDuQOhQGpWYn4rFmK2rjcl1rHC4zLAxQUw6pCIwYojiVF+v2AQj3cndEuTdYRdVwKavodhQXhdJTj7\/gPgx5LeCYq6qnWh0Ftv8zx1yYYfQT59AEh7\/hvGvb9rjly60E6pNXhgjLCdXZhs+oW75USiy3HJzYFPuHkFUh6YCDr66F3BjwLNxurd0We0aq+RrlfN90vo1czXKuPxJ4v36FiwnPLNpqFctsGMw3Lxf6aJEVQHax4xstp\/Sm0Kiz++9uq\/F7zxhTSlJy9VC4MzQP\/ZIGcF+\/8EeSqDUYJym8F6IqyapdO0sH\/hQGMRY2gKdxrVl4jTCXYMyelkdyndsd5CaraLmH9+D66U5ljKzlsBapn5J\/nbpoiGcaWPMUjjX75WaO8mZOKuVk56nu1aCc\/cSqqgok0n6KAgv6FEgSWXmcacsBUMa5l7L6oueaad+TuHzcxD93Em4cbhuzwE5U8msMDk6MDYfxb6yZWlbu6GLLxuzP0mVOgSonlnTuJXjVCLwIXT6jJ\/LYUBBnZBV4lyKZhClIylFR6oxkRUyaREBeEibHPC4k0mfKMgYsN\/DrrHP2M1\/OZ7kXZzU\/+ajAh6QZ0AbtUowJCYIzmA3l3\/nMfdSF+lnVhTpFdo9zptg+ZbfqZ4+6VT+ruFU\/2+JW\/cy4Vc9tEml5aqKKU+pfGd8\/eEDMUSfyg7QZCshRwIMIQAYPgCWs3x6HxZjwNIWHbs6I1ilo0hdNZBVTtbEVyf8LPjm+oXeFKndHNV8LwiDvAbB2ft5+q90kxq1KIsfmma8UOZbAEiIl7x2l7WAgP99d6G+ny3tgOM5zWZ4nc6MLpRFRyP76heyvX1H3XKrDWMUX9eQVKW2OQqftqjAJu+qxyZaqVMo2m0BZdQRZVYzaYGce6ZYKXuZRz7TSqUQOY7PnlElKJQm8ZeQ7PcuQhPa38Z02KVNztmpvdIMoSXkqO+sRZb\/E\/kD2LO3Kfpu3YPkYsQBOYdWFCxZc+SkuaKSfnahYQNEaq4mw5c\/JkbVy2scpzPMrPDTlP3hDffz4xPpyr7a6RjyhqlmUD1lzgjzans5Go40sFcRAwOAP0b0rf+4YeMMp8KW0wfGLLKbkBJH00UCib3D1CXdfvHiEQ6M7ccXhHaWLfsrFnCML+q5WjbNLlz51hrJEJdkzRKm6pjdGxh4mcbW+bSl2GTil9MCJIgvTIms8crUSDBqJ05VIEnnui1EYO1a72ZwurGpPcr8gm\/uh2LfK5dP6RfZJXlZtaN2mQqsj4ekRns+U0ZUZA1q0rUfa1apfAeDnmnWnEt6fzIpNNRJkNRL5MCZ05ZtFNy8UmvCrMJJcOF0FVniiWb2svAITQA3nPAh9hT02om3LnuL7hmkDrWYa6QCqcZR0klhkGy7ZOmPbh6WREwfkhAhXeit4RDFS6sxbXkEFI5GSJnVVv0N0QY+jl+urAgLqyiKcyMq9FD3ggi+dAWjNJHEnd\/dvBLIbxKMonnDPqsybadWAQVkhTMFwwQ3WTNa8UgReEWUHTdcc0a2k9DrGgg384wdrdq\/aqgU4JgFxYwFuvKtPP+TDUW8\/qKMxlPCIg6nK7esuiW4fDQ16HfiSSaVtR6VhT7clW1b2lHuyA0vsCDqYSUfSIImVahEdg\/86YIMrKPbN3Z5qcceWd8lOMvVI3uYb9TUkmjUlR\/NXTJzNs+v\/5OkP8IL5Sxg4P4UZHqalu8kTqfR2TA51j4CJQVIs2zauYbS8SSpjKpgEyHMaJfgSwURQiHPWeUp4nPGN80o3dZlhqXTLxI86hf98rY3qdHvw\/uqcb3mTcKXibzm9Gy+dY3jScAI+MYXz5MlCvSvIA8cojWYZTWN\/mo6TyppXeHXqkS\/ARmeFtK1WfkKVyQRA98PVO9tCpYvdKZCHBS4pVwTCN9SKq4KSsMHs3k9vYQ2zzPVRonmUSu8qN9u7E\/b6vQcUPD3uHlecE27luKyRRd0gTFF+2bN+geliMmslm6r6lVjDeajQVrFh8lRcydLJXculOY4q1nhHg2UYmAo3\/KlV8npNo6VlKDM3t+2L9APcOQs8KBhnPIZ6B5zOPQ3MAWIWNGqaa+OmORg2pcYAbw4GeNGjBnhl+zJT+3n68BCwSZpl\/+j3ELTD4f4VCdtOeQeN35wmqT9rNh97FmDLHQkfAyjfkdafBFEE1Zs4zIkr+LYJeswEXGhg7kpmFSr8P3HcKMeg5QEkxpkQ0FGj6AF3M\/Sham5l1iz2534YAZABVVzid\/4hbZ+GNKUDhUZnns9u6MTz2dSPbEJHns+ubyqe16LlKIlTeo\/KnDMGr2JO6SXYTJ3DnwW9pQnO5XfPZ6fqrUfPs\/CVSKszYsIPU76zVi2mMuEH4Sx19uhFIaXz2acJ9dkfE7WRFl7TXRzmCigLc9Kdeml30WMjOvRO1asVnmddqs5ane4pGySJCMLYlzztOUWWc7AzyvNVsjlav\/TWa7q3h0PT5K1pcuwNu7eg60KnMPA7o4+awBtFh2Odv9FyEygx1VZa426CZfC31espzs177420p6RU\/r1pLzHtffLed5Me\/eD5+ESm\/QkU\/ps9ir+tHv1OqORFYksntkyiX0ps68S2TnS\/Sfucdj+wBf3AlvQDu+\/RruRsQSVnS\/gDET5E+BDhQ4QiQKrDLbr72rS2NmL6fafF9oh7pybkNVvQ12xJX4ODm0sVd6d1c0dcA9maf5vRzz3iz\/7Zwc25cnAzAs9Vk+lM8o\/opvs9WhqmGtOfmuZ\/4qLSB\/tye4L7gtBHfd+MDCpVTttmZadtektdoPaoKlaJeuUDInIarWo0uJJMnUZLX0Muy521R5yecuJebvenc48meJdaqePOlNzizKc6SPA1kpX34eXGPnz3yJK9+5+X7LK76BVuiZalPtvvOL3jxF3+ZLBL4ISYx5kVlMEE+QyfH8Us9z\/HMK+8gQ04RtkOvloz33zn3QhboSD9iOBahqdqOyyW9jvYDO9QLIyuzWBbqoeebTWmNTf9LfqM7hOqYIw+hdJP1T5qU2wRZNIPD6swcF5RZNY5r5Q3UOsE\/DSKpUWBIY2E3StqaSiyaIgvySOrFL2zXezuNZu09BfT18wDlYJD2YnTOulQTswJiEpN6MtLXdPyk2jOwZMwTMg99548WTsfHlHadU952b\/DPe\/4bBIu7C8s8uOAfmEDeQ69pmyPaCj+orYqgaKmd\/e8k583xU5lLw5IsXHdu0pTqrJ73snbcL5oXzxwT8+NnEdi6txTzWF25mUPxzfC1m9xhp6\/5czyq2eW\/8iZ5a+dWVQ9iEgH8CiAoSVnXtOdHYYGqGcGqCde2J0hdh55TXrvNemlfu0EUs+9pnt+OClOsnNTbuFNuudQbmfSPa\/jEdPQXyoOYtxR3Vu493XP1pnreRays3AvTUIrTwD\/hIusbNU2Ii8HZDXwShFu6o063ftde29nROil+u053Yk+DyfqPOzlwtM0e8VzwqVw+oeEjxrOwEvZkPugkZVWzfUm+dVn5EzYiE6dCZtS9LwLG27CpixMk72HB\/gCBW29A\/Pg1o3Ytd5cX+xZtChuWT3atS6T6SzylTl6KoHQ5SrTNJl2vnJbf5K6+frCfaEUxEsRRkUcLF5lDUnHwEKfjwrjzDxN9g3o5jhrpucZYEf13n037IGGpJgaqDbwPDOykyxzzUvglQlW05siVTkAepDOvJ+Qfkh5bklNtd+5Qjo3sodUO8GbeuOdC07vvOHORf56OmDSNPdLoB7uSVJ7SgrHMnfaDhS+p\/q7nAe+70iJWL7\/j9pslCrfbFQ1RDczmVbxTFc7+XzNsGphk9Wlp1rLPc2m68fGjE7oZLetnMum22iY6vF3Way3XshLV7eM7xNuWZYRXPMHs0jzYIZABo\/plN4hBhl7jdaLpjs+xL91r3WgNKDuvMaL3927Q\/hTN+qE772RPaZ3G4b\/sx3Qw2kR+kllqLcfzeIO1bn+ni3oe7ak79k9\/cQW9BNb0k9AXSK5OvUazw\/c6aEHfyudgm7eYWeLbn3wRvYdnT7eLckhR739kzymXyXimlZJa03u+lwv6hrt5P+cdkr\/mXYaKsLpXNdfceXoc1rE\/rIvx70DcOZYhp9zoLDUI74V+WqODl6T1eVWt0y\/dtbro\/01uOKir\/OTHcNwtqiPlvkAJwzsoMP29h3W2ofTX5fmPpamrH2gFD3Pyer8kX7BGQ+ZUR1LWT+t7cWk4KX5wPYo6zB9t4d54mxnj7V3c+WyNh02WqWsF7bZQknBHRjZQxYlMR2yyJeb4FX\/bg9RD0xji1Nvhe+nOwsKbusLDtgQNqWq\/87zwad9FCEqKxpCd8HgGXhLM9MdAOOdGbhhrtvTl80O+tLIKNzuNlop+k7H2yojGZ1NK6UMRt3eM9TiRc\/FGQXe0xYm5qniLQ0M2wmykWyNUzoseJhJ7AzZANhHIFWiEbhSMOFWj8KUOmpmaZ\/7IOR2hkx\/PTw0s4yi965yT\/K1o2PP1\/244kObuGPmp1M+AK5hii5sus3ebk5ttmgebe4DU+\/CJvTOy1fXHa+9OTCFqNlU07wVIIEUfA2o1MLdDmseQAK8DWTP6ndkZ88dsyhJbo+k\/Q9Apq9b76H7s1gNKRza78nq\/Uav1gvvK1cv9z9vYadNSDZ+9Lki1ySpiE+JiAK7wDzgBFI\/f\/S8EgmDbfPnGTWevyqggH3xPtv4SxsvDuiLA0DUMOEYjavPDugLHC4O4GXrRRNLJnHD23vWzEzCYaNIqWOK0doDRrqYru0RemeOvDHWheVwUlUL7\/Pa3+ua36ta7yCjp5p5vzN173AQOIS6PYafhppjTMOhqIFAKvw2NERhugZoLwdtyKU\/G3kk2ZlmVDmLehzeR4kfKdDQA8+p9dIISxr25b6+ZM3mgVLhKqWXews5WhkFL1WVNVQ8OOjDtNKHsVoHe4ptY4jsDF1sVEX7sjFWEwXROEMQj42O9RRBipkYSDQzMy5mZphRMOhaQ2blKVB2EKVJoJVlah00mxk1+uKPIEXhL8FAHiPpnTdlCX3vTVlAP3l3LEik\/Z7QD\/rzjjRmOzMgSj7tfGp8QIkWP2xWZSSa1Gh80sTnDyFtqdR6\/a2ZX3t3Fd9N7\/PQ2l72OSF0pE0sfKBqP9uv2XJ3Rhst2iJk9wLYUmWzD8X9u4cUNz9GFZvklNMRoHFj9fDzMwMQ+RBtcIojbqy4jhD5vgIhyGZ\/nQCFA4fBewQYPGkad2h4AkfCe7Wv4Ohp3KnzR0k6qLLo2Dj51mpV4Kcc60N9CHf1MYTzmtCcZW1gpWr0STTwJwpIceKiZGSPiTpC3r1v53UpjfAtO+SRkWPleqflFQ9LFZMM34v5aYV06u01y2SN3j6INFGBE1xrvOND0PBZmyC1LaZZITotSlyhk9jtRerbi3yYruX3paP2\/Pb8p6B\/vL1E3qnVo6716NAXW0iRxCY4AYdttg95BhW8WZCDw02vaCUvd7iXL6px5CVrHWTUCJo227Zew52sBiJykAANmDJJx7s8KOIpFkTI1etmKIUJ0Eg44iOt\/eKiwTA+7qJyQRA0gH9LWe0SZOCg+8Ol8vAjk9ogmXB0mKNLapvTqdH2w0r64JaEWXAWGjPbx3pPVePYy609LCzaK+MDmS7qR4Tq59Ygk9OSp4J3JX4bsMnogM7oRF1uDfNHXQZTr+mmh0WsYZulwP4CNoZJ6KY9d+YNwOsgeOMMefrwsMrciTdgI3N7A2bwRB1wE2ThPUEuXxhLpTk26Uw2mH9Gd2DircrMvUmZ1ae4XUrhrGA1Z6FWkQ0DRytoDlgYPDzMlD9n9Ql\/U0JhS63XibiqGtnqaabWTOmCQg3qLT1dqQkEPB2IcAqz\/fCgHUxTEH9iyQlHhSiwI7ZVmDCZvLm+0P0kkCsJ0EX+DOXE5ht+J0mAvgO0ou\/EHzkzNvFHhTt5rfmOsVBXysHfgFyCELVILMfmAaVwpXh1ekywJNC2+jWDUfoPM+ZHXEgMQB4MAQ+PzgSkzkQEoaykDuirWtcATMVtgJeKBuAqQ1Kn+OwWnzlztldoYk7WZA8jrwxiAHmdygpvAyx3OyApoBkZQBkVwDFQwKHWe4Jrhqs0gfWIQzkL+Eew0d5YsPUM5cWAO53kowQwQqccAHVA1W51afQaDFDbyyyCRgYh8IGHHCRDW3nAwKScecC++DHjqayIwbs9eg9\/Lss3q4J+Ain1bnuf7xGyhV33Pcf73\/Ei4fms3wePhxg8VME2Bn2pU1s6qFP3trhCLNgHt3ZhXPjda7rfD+8NUH0HoDIXI6WUbt93v+vL5kUue0pZGAd8cTHUqWB7+dJrQlmTIZ2ihtAFbZEsg9nIKmwQ1fhY2rgB6MqCzbxsPA8s54TbsO2VHkfj+c6LZ\/v8gFDMUE0kuV54jUv7+7pGTv7aWe2CfU\/h\/Mi2ZFHckHfCviB06F2g5R9igeKTjUB9ETjjBVLalrqOotBcFNd35M1Yv58szNOrnVPnlA1RCdNeEHe05tXvlNPLQllJ13fKFR481OFLHUazoIy4tyWPq2MPeKnGSYg7NqKYqTfqjnt4M5j48FojvqGxzw4cjKDvq67V7LvGHjsgOwfw7pLPzj4fvd65pJ+KTC+KPK2DJtm5dBUjtCKkHGwKKVtt+gKklLgdqaHikQqmSPuirfzW+FaPvqeAaKbwSKHa1lONThANTNFJVS48Ab1Si+o5m+KUwVYnTHDlV926sahVs0rWCM\/ANceHmxMUs5wbfANOY8wZYNHKBJZlJ07eFBwtUMMRYHzlrAfK6ZMAPYzmAhfatd7EQTjwZQi2sVYMDdX82p0vYrBw6PUy1WT+7sm5VccIfLBly\/DUaA5oq0nM\/OQjbO8TalBhSNwPJbnuJ\/p+t00\/QWSVZeOr9y0\/lN3wlgJL6rPxkXw83QBQ\/f0Oe0ag\/sobEkocXIqEkXhqQOXokmD5XrPKFUdTcs8ePjzkG3RtM1aWd2Pt9Xq7fu7eZc7tkKZ63kz2Xcp2nu5S9NACdHPJC08YI1XbTxbgyMgPwD0bp1KrTfi86mYt\/ambtVK16nQ3tSsqFhpxa2EOLrS2Bi2sdmV6AB5Vtvpre+013dfFg0KtNs0dPLmvDboYcW\/UHeVUQ+N1z\/V5xX2bnt4R\/\/WNZdUh+xooqxhIRf83o6ofOuXix0eHraAj7vP6Fp9vqXaSVy5E0PIdj2hA\/1np6lU9Ccjq3FtpAxmnfD6YCTv1mu5pcVSewhzdd08L46CLrNwUDSWfbNWizSjgxm1J9xm+tToD+XN0zQdJHKTmqMxR7rMmrWbYgcfcz5UZnZdymZvWrRnYV80StPtRn4XpRzUA8O+u1ddhepTKbPnVO5LR7\/kMnmekdF26L12XNEj4ChikCCc2oakXMpm8S+7Am0kKuzPfU3+n9d0RAkpR36AkSzde1BQdQ9UjiY51dfbqw\/XZqYXaxRMKIBYPuBOWlCZm9oSONutB4ZSuZgLP3Y7KpdEDpZqdFGjg2I+tcnAWRZUw+InOV3BgW3FS07XVprN+FKZj1CMOh\/bu3\/04iRudQTKZcDEI\/ejv\/sPf\/Xjwd\/+hgX8hQ6MTcBHO4TvAhODvvjbwTUm1obhRVAWnU5w0sCxihdR0Qzf+bzSsw0aUqSncvPF9kiTG2PFs4sehBB12FTENF37fXz7SfFG6AY+jBKoDcQN4CuDZDt+UhoYxAgglyKY61R2kPf7wdz8J+tG26me2df3H0dXZt6N3b\/48s6h1cdp\/12ixpq4yHfuCNzp+FN5CNf1lI\/X\/7j8MBg38\/IUKT04ax18a10f5ykyDQC3HYNDEqmr3XCQP+C5wOAdGx2SSxKmK\/Teu7KAWJBM\/jJ\/iSAaNTn\/5d\/8hH25exFjdwE13o75yIjTerf2\/zq7vt1EjCP8rFOXBK1PI9a2mKLrK1ypVHFuJ2hcnJxGytjGxlwKWTWz+92pm9hfYXHr3hmBZlmVnd+bjm29\/fn6pezpl9uVhcvv4ePsPvAI8yNX2mAxcNexKNEBMvxRy3QDW\/ltaVi6DsOYFMOQYIqNegosKawCw0DDL6TR\/9jYQ2cgYR4U8yANSVjcZZLrNvBqsqkFCPj7QWEZZw7pTrzCIWJ+fLnAKw\/\/TflrSf2rB2FFEAnAN3PKYHc9Yzihzl4jiVeY8r6N32C5Mvn99Bx1WchXdZLQ4JdpD+zyefFJL\/flt6MIZI7NL0KoEOqwlHqF+X\/siyTKas8DFeeCQO8K3EGi4nlPzuGjd2SkDVWAIv\/bV3MaOG3KKprDbXcEXu5Jj\/u3a36\/qoWuBdkXtlCuxL1G+Wuwq5zWFlUxsS+a2dt8Zqxld+GW6yd8QWVG+\/J9c\/PU4vT+dhL9cA0oKKbl\/P9y1PYHg66qq8nL0FDwFy7Ra7V6egEv7FAzmX4PnIbMOinj\/FASeSzcEwQZyzXy6CZzARG6skIgNXQuuPgVXvwQ9T4Pqzu+WT\/+ux8i+tivHC\/3V0+VAWvKYtT+OwmQc4DeiseoFynGH44tvI3uJnNArHJvWxzI2N+7ajw0m95iYRuwXGrEEe9cOYx5dh7mhbufKR9xHq3n+3EU1lxIQWo7wqnpZLx\/tDSFu75erOOe349NJHt4bUpx1BiTj5eB0KcbrMVUd9N1Jq\/QuWS1GW2SFdgE6o66DrdlXu\/apbaKnAIisQj1LLn7X063rufv9HnrDTMG+KDC8a1hjDw81GNzhYG1tDG2vYji\/4EqIC6FDpZyM55VT8jwGTELKSYIg9MpEFS1Tnw2HDQyHjsMn9HDNaAbUbyxTRU4ngfkhRPHs6kKA0tFCFF9iu86MHQ\/R4czzVi7lABjjBtM5L0ikGklIXHoXV5DcjJsOKzFDVmKmGEfA4f7OeG+mtiLYmb40PyHUJ\/PakaHubNdro1cUm1BE82F0CKTNFtlUv7MVjYlWvMT8tUi3A9ITxXNmJDpxadxTB6b1GkRhVcgPjkO8rVGhOK1EUfuq2h8IuxQR9Cy6EuyI30SHUKIVrWkmdGaYo6zBxfrfyvJcDC967AF7lAOfuezP8IR9niFbikMip7eDyARj12PjbTpw7FIOOshWCuGHQFLsXmBaZOeD+6DGJwEa8wPKt2Q3mSXfsnVvMuK9tdOHoaDkw+EjgGVGtkdnWWM0MJyJzTJV7VvqPLuklW42UWnLE0DBXxEZOZ3ce77nJYjN3guUX32lf3CuFT3NOu+ORlH3v7xaKCgFyiDB3VQoYWDkeYZ9JLpqGYcb0QaCVD\/JXhHUH5MObHrwsi5oemjXo8HTrHNegai6i2Odimfv\/P4+YJAQKiUQzJWJd6ANVnCz1Lh4S3kho8QJaTtUWtshU9\/qp0wLk71rK2kOH8r3hGquhd38svasYEh1OY2kTpNIQoqdox+Hb4vQvLeEbP5XcfMffUL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:where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n6n36fva.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><section class=\"nx-hero nx-fh\" data-layout=\"faculty\" data-ground=\"none\" data-ah=\"discipline\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-ast-title\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-fh-grid\"><div class=\"nx-hero-text nx-ah-text\"><p class=\"nx-ah-kicker\"><span>Risk Academy, a Nexortium programme<\/span><span>Governance, Policy and International Affairs<\/span><span>Department of Peace, Conflict and Security<\/span><\/p><p class=\"nx-ah-accent\"><svg class=\"nx-ah-motif\" data-motif=\"treaty\" viewBox=\"0 0 44 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path data-k=\"b\" d=\"M6 12L22 3L38 12Z\"\/><path d=\"M6 12L22 3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"22\" cy=\"3\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"38\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.2\"\/><\/svg><span>Rivalry, sanctions, instability, country risk and strategic dependencies<\/span><\/p><h1 id=\"nx-ast-title\" class=\"nx-hero-title nx-ah-title\">Geopolitical and political risk<\/h1><p class=\"nx-tagline nx-ah-lede\">Geopolitical and political risk covers risks that arise from the actions of states and political systems: geopolitical rivalry and fragmentation, sanctions and economic statecraft, political instability, expropriation and country risk.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"#nx-sec-maps\">Open the twin builder <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"#nx-sec-courses\">See the courses<\/a><\/div><p class=\"nx-fh-links\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/departments\/peace-conflict-security\/\">Back to Department of Peace, Conflict and Security<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-fh-con\"><p class=\"nx-fh-con-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><span>risksacademy.com<\/span><span>governance-policy<\/span><strong>discipline<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-fh-con-b\"><figure class=\"nx-ra-sig\" data-motif=\"treaty\" data-scope=\"discipline\"><svg class=\"nx-ra-sig-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 300\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Geopolitical and political risk, drawn as an institutional network: 0 primary courses open, 1 in preparation, 0 approved for authoring and 2 also taught here, across 8 subtopics. Courses: RAS-411 L2 in preparation, RAS-410 L2 also taught here, RAT-220 L2 also taught here.\" focusable=\"false\"><title>Geopolitical and political risk, drawn as an institutional network: 0 primary courses open, 1 in preparation, 0 approved for authoring and 2 also taught here, across 8 subtopics. Courses: RAS-411 L2 in preparation, RAS-410 L2 also taught here, RAT-220 L2 also taught here.<\/title><circle class=\"nx-ra-sh\" cx=\"270\" cy=\"150\" r=\"80\"\/><circle class=\"nx-ra-sh\" cx=\"270\" cy=\"150\" r=\"138\"\/><path class=\"nx-ra-sp\" d=\"M270 150L270 70\"\/><circle class=\"nx-ra-fp\" cx=\"270\" cy=\"70\" r=\"5.4\"\/><text class=\"nx-ra-tx\" x=\"270\" y=\"56\" text-anchor=\"middle\">RAS-411<\/text><path class=\"nx-ra-sc\" d=\"M270 150L339.3 190\"\/><rect class=\"nx-ra-fo\" x=\"333.3\" y=\"184\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"\/><text class=\"nx-ra-tx\" x=\"349.7\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"start\">RAS-410<\/text><path class=\"nx-ra-sc\" d=\"M270 150L200.7 190\"\/><rect class=\"nx-ra-fo\" x=\"194.7\" y=\"184\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"\/><text class=\"nx-ra-tx\" x=\"190.3\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"end\">RAT-220<\/text><circle class=\"nx-ra-fn\" cx=\"270\" cy=\"150\" r=\"10\"\/><circle class=\"nx-ra-fi\" cx=\"270\" cy=\"150\" r=\"4\"\/><\/svg><figcaption class=\"nx-ra-sig-cap\"><span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-t\">Geopolitical and political risk at a glance.<\/span> Drawn as an institutional network.<\/span><ul class=\"nx-ra-key\"><li data-k=\"live\">Open, 0<\/li><li data-k=\"prep\">In preparation, 1<\/li><li data-k=\"also\">Also taught here, 2<\/li><li data-k=\"topic\">Subtopics, 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-src\">Course codes from the curriculum; study levels L1 to L4.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><a class=\"nx-fh-go\" href=\"#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-fh-go-k\">Twin builder and simulator<\/span><span class=\"nx-fh-go-t\">The Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states<\/span><span class=\"nx-fh-go-m\">4 twin generators, 10 layers, 3 instruments<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><dl class=\"nx-ah-figs\" data-n=\"4\"><div><dt>courses open now<\/dt><dd>0<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>in preparation<\/dt><dd>1<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>subtopics in its scope<\/dt><dd>8<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>countries<\/dt><dd>13<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"nx-ah-fignote\">Twin figures for the Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states, counted from its layers at their stated dates.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-maps\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"maps\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-maps-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-maps-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">Twin builder and simulator.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-as-lede\">For Geopolitical and political risk: the faculty's twin of Horn of Africa on the planet map, the globe and in 3D. Pick a generator, switch layers, run the instruments; every layer prints its provider and date.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map nx-tw\" data-ra-map=\"governance-policy\" data-ra-map-od=\"J\/suhpDmyEM6vt\/FeKzBtfv97U9AlgeKOZNVS1zHFVo=\" data-ra-map-state=\"idle\" data-ra-map-mode=\"learn\" data-ra-view=\"map\" data-tw-pip=\"twin\"><div class=\"nx-tw-head nx-ra-map-bar\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-label=\"Twin builder controls\"><p class=\"nx-tw-path\"><span>governance-policy<\/span><span>horn-of-africa<\/span><strong>twin builder<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-search\" data-tw-search=\"true\"><\/div><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"View\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-map\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Planet map<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-globe\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Globe<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-twin\" aria-pressed=\"false\">3D twin<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Extent\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"anchor\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Horn of Africa<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"world\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>World<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Mode\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"learn\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Learn<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"expert\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Expert<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-tw-more\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"share\" disabled>Share and cite<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"tools\" disabled>Expert tools<\/button><\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-gens nx-ra-tb-gens\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Twin generators\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"reach\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Boundaries<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Institutional reach and boundaries<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">States of the region and their first-level divisions behind the licence gate.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"alerts\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Live<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Alerts in reach<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">GDACS alerts over the states of the region.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Exposure<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">People in reach<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">GPW population density under the country outlines.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"events\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Field<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Event density<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">Density of live EONET events.<\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-views\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-stage\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-idle\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" data-ra-map-act=\"load\">Load the map<\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-ra-map-twin\"><div class=\"nx-ah\" data-ah=\"twin\"><div class=\"nx-ast\" data-ast=\"twin\" data-ast-state=\"flat\" data-ast-faculty=\"governance-policy\" data-ast-mode=\"globe\" data-ast-od=\"en\/l7GZdKrqxlDzn4UDVRX6JVQDR4zkkgp\/WAbjKivw=\" data-ast-data=\"aUIRu1vMWtRhazoPrGgeP7GN2SYr8QuvwpFpN0NRQFE=\" data-ast-exag=\"1.5\"><div class=\"nx-ast-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Digital twin of The Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states\" aria-describedby=\"nx-ast-twin-help\"><figure class=\"nx-ra-sig nx-ast-flat\" data-scope=\"twin\" id=\"nx-ast-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-ra-sig-svg nx-ast-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 1314\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states: a flat plan of the faculty twin. 13 countries; First-level divisions, geoBoundaries gbOpen with a licence gate per boundary: live, loads in the twin; Disaster alerts, GDACS live: live, loads in the twin; Natural events, NASA EONET live: live, loads in the twin. Graticule every five degrees; countries (natural earth 1:110m) as outlines.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title>The Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states: a flat plan of the faculty twin. 13 countries; First-level divisions, geoBoundaries gbOpen with a licence gate per boundary: live, loads in the twin; Disaster alerts, GDACS live: live, loads in the twin; Natural events, NASA EONET live: live, loads in the twin. Graticule every five degrees; countries (natural earth 1:110m) as outlines.<\/title><\/svg><figcaption class=\"nx-ra-sig-cap\"><span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-t\">The Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Uganda and neighbours.<\/span> Flat map of the same data: the 13 countries on a graticule and the numbers below. The globe opens on devices with WebGL once its library has been checked; the live alerts, events and divisions load in the globe on request, each with its data date.<\/span><ul class=\"nx-ra-key nx-ast-key\"><li data-k=\"polygon\">13 countries<\/li><li data-k=\"live-adm1\">First-level divisions, geoBoundaries gbOpen with a licence gate per boundary: live, loads in the twin<\/li><li data-k=\"live-gdacs-live\">Disaster alerts, GDACS live: live, loads in the twin<\/li><li data-k=\"live-eonet-live\">Natural events, NASA EONET live: live, loads in the twin<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-src\">Credits and dates per layer are listed under the stage. Countries are raised on the globe for legibility.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><p class=\"nx-ast-help\" id=\"nx-ast-twin-help\">Drag to turn the globe, Ctrl with the wheel to zoom. Keyboard: arrows turn, + and - zoom, 0 resets, V steps through the views, Escape clears.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-ast-bar nx-ah-hud\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-label=\"Twin controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"open\" data-variant=\"primary\">Open the 3D twin<\/button><span class=\"nx-ah-status\" data-live=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-ah-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>3 live layers, checked 17 Oct 2026<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"reset\" disabled>Reset view<\/button><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"View\" data-ast-views=\"true\" data-ast-default=\"c-holograph\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"a-instrument\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Drawing<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"b-daylight\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Photo<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"c-holograph\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Holograph<\/button><\/span><details class=\"nx-ah-menu\" data-k=\"places\"><summary><span>Places<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-n\">5<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"Views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"nile\" disabled>The Nile basin states<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"horn\" disabled>The Horn of Africa<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"red-sea\" disabled>The Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"lakes\" disabled>The Great Lakes headwaters<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"whole\" disabled>The whole box<\/button><\/span><\/div><\/details><details class=\"nx-ah-menu\" data-k=\"layers\"><summary><span>Layers<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-n\">4<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"Layers\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"overlay\" aria-pressed=\"false\" hidden disabled>Analysis overlay<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"countries\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"poly\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Countries<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"adm1\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>First-level divisions<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"gdacs-live\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Disaster alerts<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"eonet-live\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Natural events<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><\/span><\/div><\/details><span class=\"nx-ast-group nx-ah-time\" aria-label=\"Time\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"replay\" disabled>Replay the events<\/button><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn nx-ah-tomap\" data-ast-act=\"to-map\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ah-pin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Open in the map<\/button><details class=\"nx-ast-cred nx-ah-info\"><summary aria-label=\"Credits and data dates, The Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states\"><span class=\"nx-ah-i\" aria-hidden=\"true\">i<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-it\">Credits<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><ul class=\"nx-ast-credits\"><li data-ast-layer=\"countries\"><strong>Countries (Natural Earth 1:110m)<\/strong> The 13 countries with any vertex inside the box, as published at 1:110m with their name, ISO3 code and the Natural Earth population estimate. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">Made with Natural Earth (public domain), version 5.1.2 bundled at build time. read 2026-10-17.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Boundaries as published imply no position on any territory; the population figure is the Natural Earth estimate carried in the file, not a census count.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"adm1\"><strong>First-level divisions, geoBoundaries gbOpen with a licence gate per boundary<\/strong> First-level divisions of the countries whose API record passes the licence gate in your browser, for the institutional reach view; a refused licence leaves the country without divisions and says why. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">geoBoundaries (Runfola et al. 2020, www.geoboundaries.org) and, per country, the boundary's own source and licence as the API record states them (Ethiopia ADM1: Open Africa, Code for Ethiopia, CC BY 4.0). Live: this page requests www.geoboundaries.org when the layer is opened; the data date is read from boundaryYearRepresented and buildDate of each record and printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Boundaries as published imply no position on any territory. The gate reads each record's boundaryLicense before any geometry is requested; one request per country per page view.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"gdacs-live\"><strong>Disaster alerts, GDACS live<\/strong> The alert episodes of the last seven days that fall inside the box, with their type and alert level, as marks on the globe and a list in the read-out. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">Source: GDACS (European Commission JRC and UN OCHA), under the European Commission reuse policy; alerts are automatic and algorithmic, not reviewed by people, and never a substitute for the alerts of national authorities. Live: this page requests www.gdacs.org when the layer is opened; the data date is read from properties.datemodified and printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Indicative, automatic alerts; never a warning and never a substitute for national alerts.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"eonet-live\"><strong>Natural events, NASA EONET live<\/strong> Open natural events (storms, fires, floods, volcanoes) of the last twenty days inside the box, with their category and source. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); each event keeps its original source link; no NASA endorsement implied. Live: this page requests eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is read from geometry[].date and printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Event metadata curated by NASA from the named sources; not a warning.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ast-why\">Why this place: A region of about 2,300 by 2,500 kilometres where regional bodies (IGAD, the African Union, the East African Community, the Nile Basin Initiative) overlap with shared-water diplomacy on the Nile, drought and flood alerts, displacement and conflict, so institutional mandates, foresight and cross-border policy can be taught on the same globe. The twin is globe-scale rather than terrain-scale: it draws countries and first-level divisions as published, with the disclaimer that boundaries imply no position on any territory. Data quality: Natural Earth is bundled and public domain, geoBoundaries publishes each division with its own licence (Ethiopia ADM1 is CC BY 4.0 from Open Africa and Code for Ethiopia), GDACS and EONET are live and open, and the INFORM Risk Index is published per country by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. It connects to the risk-governance, diplomacy-global-commons, climate-nature-governance, conflict-fragility and foresight disciplines and to the convening and policy context pages of the ecosystem sites.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"nx-ast-read\" data-ast-out=\"read\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-ast-note\" aria-live=\"polite\">Flat map of the same data: the 13 countries on a graticule and the numbers below. The globe opens on devices with WebGL once its library has been checked; the live alerts, events and divisions load in the globe on request, each with its data date.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-swap\" data-ra-map-act=\"swap\" aria-label=\"Swap the main view and the inset\"><span class=\"nx-tw-swap-k\" data-tw-swap=\"true\">3D twin<\/span><span class=\"nx-tw-swap-v\">Swap<\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-insp nx-tw-insp\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nx-tw-dock\" data-nx-tabs=\"dock\" aria-label=\"Simulator: instruments, layers and sources\"><div class=\"nx-tw-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Simulator panels\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-inst\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-inst\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-key=\"inst\">Instruments<span>3<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-layers\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-key=\"layers\">Layers<span>10<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-src\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-key=\"src\">Sources<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-inst\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-inst\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">The instruments run on the faculty home, on the same twin of the Horn of Africa and the Nile basin states:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-ai\"><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/#nx-sec-instruments\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Foresight horizon scan<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">A horizon scan on the live signals of the region: the GDACS alerts and EONET events the stage loads are the seed signals; you place each on an impact and likelihood grid and in one of three time horizons, and the scan record lists every placed signal with its source.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/#nx-sec-instruments\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Policy timeline<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">One dated timeline per country of the box: the GDACS alert episodes and EONET events the stage loads, assigned to a country by where their point falls in the Natural Earth polygons, filtered by the country you select; the index and membership columns stay empty until their extracts and rows exist.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/#nx-sec-instruments\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Membership matrix<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">The 13 countries of the box against the institutions the region's governance runs through: UN bodies (from the UNdata snapshot once its series are named), IGAD, the African Union, the East African Community and the Nile Basin Initiative; below it the multilateral treaties most read in the region, each named with the address of its status page in the UN Treaty Collection.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-layers\" hidden><div class=\"nx-tw-layers\" data-tw-layers=\"true\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">10 layers switch here once the map runs.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-src\" hidden><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">8 live and observed layers and 2 from the twin. Data: Natural Earth, GDACS, NASA EONET, CIESIN, VIIRS, NASA GPM IMERG Early, NASA SMAP, MODIS Terra NDVI, Open-Meteo.com. Each layer's provider, licence and date are listed here once the map runs.<\/p><p class=\"nx-ra-map-left\">Left out, no Academy admission: INFORM Risk Index.<\/p><div class=\"nx-tw-cred\" data-tw-cred=\"true\"><\/div><\/div><\/aside><\/div><p class=\"nx-ra-map-note\" role=\"status\">The map loads from this site as it nears the view (MapLibre 6.9.1, checked by hash).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"intro\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-brief-answer-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-brief-answer-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">The discipline in brief.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-as-intro\"><p class=\"nx-as-stand\">The discipline teaches country and political risk assessment, sanctions and economic statecraft reading, chokepoint and strategic dependency mapping, election and policy uncertainty monitoring and scenario planning for geopolitical shocks, without treating political judgement as forecasting, under ISO 31000. On the faculty's globe its case is the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden view: a corridor whose states, alerts and institutions are read from published records. A graduate can write a country risk assessment that separates record from judgement, map a strategic dependency and build a geopolitical scenario set that says what it is not.<\/p><div class=\"nx-as-side\"><p class=\"nx-as-brief\">This area covers risks that arise from the actions of states and political systems: geopolitical rivalry and fragmentation, sanctions and economic statecraft, political instability, expropriation and country risk. It is taught in the department of Peace, Conflict and Security, Faculty of Governance, Policy and International Affairs, through 1 course with it as primary discipline and 2 more that also teach it.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-scope\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-scope-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-scope-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">What the discipline covers.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-as-lede\">8 subtopics, taught across its courses and labs.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><dl class=\"nx-as-std\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><dt>Faculty<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/\">Faculty of Governance, Policy and International Affairs<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Department<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/departments\/peace-conflict-security\/\">Department of Peace, Conflict and Security<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Courses<\/dt><dd>0 open, 1 in preparation<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Levels<\/dt><dd>L2 Intermediate<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Labs<\/dt><dd>Network lab, Map lab<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li>Geopolitical rivalry and fragmentation<\/li><li>Sanctions and economic statecraft<\/li><li>Political instability and regime change<\/li><li>Country and political risk assessment<\/li><li>Expropriation and contract risk<\/li><li>Elections and policy uncertainty<\/li><li>Chokepoints and strategic dependencies<\/li><li>Scenario planning for geopolitical shocks<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-frontier\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"timeline\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-frontier-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-frontier-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">What is changing now.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-as-lede\">Recent developments in geopolitical and political risk, each with its source; sources checked on 16 October 2026. Summaries are short readings of the source; follow the link for the full account.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-hub\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"hub\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-hub-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-hub-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">The faculty hub.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-as-lede\">News and research as they are published, per discipline, with the faculty's other tools.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-feeds\" data-ra-feeds=\"governance-policy\" data-ra-feeds-od=\"xP0gAoHq0YAjPaEcahaMb6bZNrwoOzfk9sjm\/PIVCDw=\" data-ra-feeds-scope=\"geopolitical-political-risk\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">The newest research, preprints, news and humanitarian reports for Geopolitical and political risk, each with its source and date, load here. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/research-hub\/\">Open the research and news hub<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-profile\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-profile-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-profile-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">The methods it teaches.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-as-lede\">From the Academy's risk taxonomy: the discipline's own entries and those of its primary courses, with how many courses teach each.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof-c\" data-lead=\"true\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods and practice<\/h3><ol><li><span>Scenario analysis and stress testing<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-ra-prof-c\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Hazard families<\/h3><ol><li><span>Armed conflict and violence<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Geopolitical fragmentation and sanctions<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-courses\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"courses\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-courses-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-courses-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">1 in preparation.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-as-lede\">No course with this primary discipline is open yet; these are planned, so you can prepare with the courses also taught here.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-cc\"><p class=\"nx-cc-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><strong>Courses with this primary discipline<\/strong><\/span><span>0 open, 1 in preparation<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-ra-reg\"><li><div><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAS-411<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Geopolitical Risk and Supply Fragmentation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Systems, L2 Intermediate, 10 hours (estimate)<\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-labs\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-labs-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-labs-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">How the subject is practised in labs.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Lab<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What you do in it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Courses using it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Lab\">Network lab<\/td><td data-label=\"What you do in it\">Build dependency graphs, find critical nodes, trace cascades<\/td><td data-label=\"Courses using it\">3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Lab\">Map lab<\/td><td data-label=\"What you do in it\">Read hazard, exposure and boundaries on real maps<\/td><td data-label=\"Courses using it\">1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-also\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-also-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-also-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">Courses from other disciplines.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-as-lede\">These courses count in their own primary discipline and also teach this one; they do not count towards its achievement as primary courses.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-cc\"><p class=\"nx-cc-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><strong>Also taught here<\/strong><\/span><span>2 courses that count in another discipline<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-ra-reg\"><li><div><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAS-410<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Global Food System Shocks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Systems, L2 Intermediate, 10 hours (estimate), primary in Food systems and agriculture<\/span><\/div><\/li><li><div><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAT-220<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Third-Party and Supply-Chain Risk<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Technical, L2 Intermediate, 10 hours (estimate), primary in Trade, supply chains and geoeconomics<\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-technology\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-technology-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-technology-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">How technology helps and what risk it brings.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"tZLBbtswDIZfhdC5mbegGIZBEWAMGJZrkhdgJNYmqlKGSGfNnn6wnaLeetkOvVEg9fPD\/9MnvkDMqLpz8rwxPGfa\/Kw4uODnx99NBwkNN2oYH3fO6kjTZE+Ygrc6laCxDLRzsWQXWh0omm+sf9PaC1jPClgJl4FmEmhexM4lXW+aaVma8Ux55xZNF7xaLdKFE8VeSi7dFaxHg57yoL65dX1j6Y3EercL30sl5a43sFKyAkqCSt2Y0Uq9gqKkc3km\/bBozZj\/wHVgfQR7hYuV0Oi\/yE799EfBCrA8lPqExkWAxairbNe7mbXdAwsM4zlzhESRlYv8Qdvc3GzmDINvEl+CH\/Mq3cw6sWcOh\/a4ud9+gqNVNOo4wqtB07ofpfKvInCMKMLSgdcBZSVV5\/uw1a0Y7RwOQy0XSi60twoeSgUcrS+VpfPNJBN8k3mFsYUD6VBEeTrGvUi5LB5MJKvkW1VSfSKxd8M5bbb3X2C\/ymH\/ksNXaAXzVXk5nhsyvSfK549T7q3qWFEi3UE7Jl4C+lZmRrb3tqUZc\/gN\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-ladder\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-ladder-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-ladder-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">What you can earn here.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-pathways\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"route\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-pathways-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-pathways-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">Pathways that teach it.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ar\" data-start=\"none\"><ol class=\"nx-ar-ways\"><li><a class=\"nx-ar-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/pathways\/nrm-flagship\/\"><span class=\"nx-ar-k\">Academy flagship<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-t\">Nexus-Based Risk Management flagship pathway<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-m\">2 of its 20 courses are taught here.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ar-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/pathways\/erm-manager\/\"><span class=\"nx-ar-k\">Role pathway<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-t\">Enterprise risk manager<\/span><span class=\"nx-ar-m\">1 of its 12 courses are taught here.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-practice\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-practice-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-practice-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">Where the subject is worked on.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-ra-cite\"><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/trade-strategic-resources\/\">Trade and Strategic Resources<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Geoeconomics and fragmentation<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">The Global Risks Forum (GRF)<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskforum.com\/foresight\/\">Foresight Nexus<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Geopolitical futures<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/globalriskalliance.com\/capital-markets-nexus\/\">Capital Markets Nexus<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Geopolitical shocks<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ra-cite-f\">Cited as places where the subject is practised; the institutions named are sources here, and Risk Academy hosts every course.<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-foundry\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-foundry-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-foundry-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">The two Foundry systems where it is practised.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-ra-cite\"><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">Nexus Foundry<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/systems\/dss\/\">DSS system<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Geopolitical scenarios<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Scenarios room<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\"><\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/therisk.global\/nexus-foundry\/systems\/grix\/\">GRIx system<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Propagation of political shocks<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Cascades room<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ra-cite-f\">Nexus Foundry system pages describe what each system and its rooms are designed to do; they are not a service on offer, and studying here gives no access to them.<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-terms\" class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-terms-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-as-head\"><h2 id=\"nx-sec-terms-h\" class=\"nx-as-title\">Terms used on this page.<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-as\" data-as=\"related\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-as-rel\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><h2 id=\"nx-as-rel\" class=\"nx-as-title nx-as-small\">Around Geopolitical and political risk.<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/conflict-fragility\/\">Conflict, fragility and security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/security-defence-hybrid-threats\/\">Security, defence and hybrid threats <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/departments\/peace-conflict-security\/\">Department of Peace, Conflict and Security <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/\">Faculty of Governance, Policy and International Affairs <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Geopolitical and political risk<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-1\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Prepare with a related course.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Open courses in connected disciplines teach the methods this discipline will build on.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/\">Browse the course catalogue <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/governance-policy\/departments\/peace-conflict-security\/\">Back to Department of Peace, Conflict and Security<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script 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