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auto;padding:0 16px;font-family:ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,\"Segoe UI\",sans-serif;line-height:1.55;overflow-wrap:break-word}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe :where(*,*::before,*::after){box-sizing:inherit}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe :where(section,header,footer,nav,aside){display:block;margin:0 0 32px}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe :where(h1,h2,h3,h4){line-height:1.2;margin:24px 0 12px;font-weight:600}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe :where(p,ul,ol,dl,table,figure,details){margin:0 0 16px}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe :where(ul,ol){padding-left:20px}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe a{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe :where(th,td){padding:6px 8px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:inherit}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe svg{display:none}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe svg.nx-i{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:-3px}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe :where([role=\"tablist\"],[role=\"toolbar\"],[hidden],button,.nx-theme-toggle,.nx-live-slot){display:none}#nxe-n2kpcm4g.nxe img{max-width:100%;height:auto}<\/style><svg class=\"nx-defs\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><linearGradient id=\"nx-gi\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"1\"><stop offset=\"0\" class=\"nx-gi-a\"\/><stop offset=\"0.55\" class=\"nx-gi-b\"\/><stop offset=\"1\" class=\"nx-gi-c\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs><\/svg><div class=\"nx-ra-bar\"><div class=\"nx-ra-bar-in\"><nav class=\"nx-ra-crumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/\">Risk Academy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/\">Faculty of Systems and Nexus Studies<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/departments\/\">Departments of the Faculty of Systems and Nexus Studies<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/departments\/systemic-risk\/\">Department of Systemic Risk and Complexity<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\"><span>Systemic, compound and cascading risk<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><div class=\"nx-theme-toggle\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Appearance of this page\" hidden><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"light\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Light<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"dark\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Dark<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-mode=\"auto\" aria-pressed=\"true\">System<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><section class=\"nx-scene nx-ra-scene\" data-scene=\"academy\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-ast-title\" data-av-hero=\"supply\"><div class=\"nx-scene-stage nx-ra-stage\"><div class=\"nx-av\" data-av=\"supply\" data-av-tone=\"systemic\" data-av-od=\"KjJZ0jVHJxTeQ6WY9ZM4RfNlikSajH5xEJEib3n9gNY=\" data-av-o=\"{&quot;seed&quot;:332}\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"nx-av-poster\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 500\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"nx-av-ui\"><p class=\"nx-av-cap\">Illustrative: plants and ports, the routes between them and goods moving along; one node is disrupted and its routes stall<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-av-pause\" data-av-act=\"pause\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-label=\"Pause the background animation\" disabled><svg width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 10 10\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M2 1h2v8H2zM6 1h2v8H6z\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-scene-intro\"><p class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium \u00b7 Systems and Nexus Studies \u00b7 Department of Systemic Risk and Complexity<\/p><span class=\"nx-scene-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"nx-scene-accent\">Compound events, cascading failure, shock propagation and tipping points<\/p><h1 id=\"nx-ast-title\" class=\"nx-scene-title\">Systemic, compound and cascading risk<\/h1><p class=\"nx-scene-lede\">Systemic, compound and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 cascading-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk that an initial event sets off a sequence of secondary failures across dependent systems, so that the total harm greatly exceeds the initial impact.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">cascading risk<\/a> covers risk that arises from the interdependence of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a>: compound events in which hazards combine, cascading failures across infrastructure, economies and societies, shock propagation through networks, tipping points, and the governance and assessment of <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 systemic-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk that the failure or disruption of parts of an interconnected system propagates through its dependencies to impair the functioning of the whole, often beyond the sector or place where it began. It arises from\u2026\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">systemic risk<\/a> at national and global level.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"#nx-sec-maps\">Map systemic, compound and cascading risk on a real place <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/shock-propagation\/\">Open RAS-403<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><nav class=\"nx-index-strip nx-ra-jump\" data-nx-spy=\"true\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><a href=\"#nx-sec-scope\"><span>01<\/span>Scope<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-maps\"><span>02<\/span>Maps<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-geography\"><span>03<\/span>Live map<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-chapter\"><span>04<\/span>The subject<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-model\"><span>05<\/span>The method<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-figure\"><span>06<\/span>At a glance<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-labs\"><span>07<\/span>Labs<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-scenario\"><span>08<\/span>Console<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-band-ladder\"><span>09<\/span>Learning<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-take-part\"><span>10<\/span>Take part<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-references\"><span>11<\/span>References<\/a><a href=\"#nx-sec-questions\"><span>12<\/span>Questions<\/a><\/div><\/nav><section id=\"nx-sec-scope\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-scope-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">01<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Scope<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-scope-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">What the discipline covers<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The subtopics its courses and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">labs<\/a> teach.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><dl class=\"nx-as-std\" data-cols=\"2\"><div><dt>Faculty<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/\">Faculty of Systems and Nexus Studies<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Department<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/departments\/systemic-risk\/\">Department of Systemic Risk and Complexity<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Courses<\/dt><dd>1 course open<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Levels<\/dt><dd>L2 Intermediate<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Labs<\/dt><dd>Network lab, Map lab<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><ul class=\"nx-list\"><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 systemic-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk that the failure or disruption of parts of an interconnected system propagates through its dependencies to impair the functioning of the whole, often beyond the sector or place where it began. It arises from\u2026\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Systemic risk<\/a> concepts<\/li><li>Compound events<\/li><li><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-h61\" data-tc=\"NHS-1 sys.cascade.infrastructure-cascade\" data-tk=\"Systemic and compound events \u00b7 Cascading failure\" data-td=\"A failure in one infrastructure system that spreads through dependency links to power, water, transport, communications and health.\" data-ts=\"NRS-H61\" data-tr=\"draft\">Cascading failure<\/a><\/li><li>Shock propagation<\/li><li>Interdependency mapping<\/li><li>Tipping points<\/li><li>Systemic risk governance<\/li><li>Global systemic risk assessment<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-maps\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"maps\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-maps-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">02<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Maps<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-maps-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Build a twin of any place<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Search any place or open the world; the layers and generators follow systemic, compound and <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 cascading-risk\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"Risk that an initial event sets off a sequence of secondary failures across dependent systems, so that the total harm greatly exceeds the initial impact.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">cascading risk<\/a> on the planet map, the globe and in 3D.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map nx-tw\" data-ra-map=\"systems-nexus\" data-ra-map-list=\"ra.cover f.flood r.dswx ra.ndvi r.dswxs1 ra.gpw r.imerg r.smap\" data-ra-map-od=\"mpleTo1KNwcPRxl+ztsEwQ11GadNHB+tEt167lLJSvw=\" data-ra-map-state=\"idle\" data-ra-map-mode=\"learn\" data-ra-view=\"map\" data-tw-pip=\"twin\"><div class=\"nx-tw-head nx-ra-map-bar\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-label=\"Twin builder controls\"><p class=\"nx-tw-path\"><span><a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">Systems<\/a> and Nexus Studies<\/span><span>Any place<\/span><strong>Twin builder<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-search\" data-tw-search=\"true\"><\/div><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"View\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-map\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Planet map<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-globe\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Globe<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"view-twin\" aria-pressed=\"false\">3D twin<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Extent\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"world\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>World<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"anchor\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Worked example: Tonle Sap<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-map-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Mode\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"learn\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Learn<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"expert\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Expert<\/button><\/span><span class=\"nx-tw-more\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"share\" disabled>Share and cite<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-map-btn\" data-ra-map-act=\"tools\" disabled>Expert tools<\/button><\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-gens nx-ra-tb-gens\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Twin generators\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"wef\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Cascade<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Coupled water-energy-food system<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">Dams, plants, land cover and rivers of the Tonle Sap system.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"flow\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Series<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Discharge at a point<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">Click the Mekong or the Tonle Sap for the GloFAS forecast.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"land\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Index<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Land cover<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">MODIS IGBP classes and the WorldCover shares of the twin.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"dens\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">Exposure<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Energy assets<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">Density of dams and power plants.<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ra-tb-gen\" data-ra-gen=\"t3d\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gk\">3D<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gt\">Scientific cascade (twin)<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-tb-gp\">The twin above runs the loop and cascade instruments.<\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-views\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-stage\"><div class=\"nx-ra-map-idle\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" data-ra-map-act=\"load\">Load the map<\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-ra-map-twin\"><div class=\"nx-ah\" data-ah=\"twin\"><div class=\"nx-ast\" data-ast=\"twin\" data-ast-state=\"flat\" data-ast-faculty=\"systems-nexus\" data-ast-mode=\"metres\" data-ast-od=\"zmBGeWZufDYoR4wF9qf6QUiFhi4Q3vuM8V8KRBSu0Hk=\" data-ast-data=\"lnG\/il8Cg\/s8VuMZKTea6hgZVFaW5JnCwU3TU+Jn9cE=\" data-ast-exag=\"1.5\"><div class=\"nx-ast-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Digital twin of The Tonle Sap and the Lower Mekong at Phnom Penh\" aria-describedby=\"nx-ast-twin-help\"><figure class=\"nx-ra-sig nx-ast-flat\" data-scope=\"twin\" id=\"nx-ast-fig\"><svg class=\"nx-ra-sig-svg nx-ast-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 1220\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The Tonle Sap and the Lower Mekong at Phnom Penh: a flat plan of the faculty twin. Terrain 0 to 1,700 m; River 2,956 km; 14 dams; 6 power plants, 88 MW; Tree cover 37.8 percent of the box; Cropland 39.9 percent of the box; Built-up 0.9 percent of the box; Permanent water 4.7 percent of the box; River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo: read live when the 3D twin opens; Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day: read live when the 3D twin opens; Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): the flood pulse: read live when the 3D twin opens; Land cover classes, MODIS IGBP (annual): read live when the 3D twin opens. Contours every 250 metres from the elevation grid; named rivers by class; cropland, tree cover, water and built-up shares (esa worldcover 2021) as the class holding a quarter or more of each cell; dams as marks; power plants as marks.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-zf=\"figure.d93c876e663e.txt\" data-nx-zs=\"sha256-2TyHbmY+9FT5JcWzAoWsr8GI4gvx5be0FsuuC5ZjyTQ=\"><title>The Tonle Sap and the Lower Mekong at Phnom Penh: a flat plan of the faculty twin. Terrain 0 to 1,700 m; River 2,956 km; 14 dams; 6 power plants, 88 MW; Tree cover 37.8 percent of the box; Cropland 39.9 percent of the box; Built-up 0.9 percent of the box; Permanent water 4.7 percent of the box; River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo: read live when the 3D twin opens; Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day: read live when the 3D twin opens; Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): the flood pulse: read live when the 3D twin opens; Land cover classes, MODIS IGBP (annual): read live when the 3D twin opens. Contours every 250 metres from the elevation grid; named rivers by class; cropland, tree cover, water and built-up shares (esa worldcover 2021) as the class holding a quarter or more of each cell; dams as marks; power plants as marks.<\/title><\/svg><figcaption class=\"nx-ra-sig-cap\"><span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-t\">The Tonle Sap and the Lower Mekong at Phnom Penh, Cambodia.<\/span> Flat plan of the same data: the lake and rivers, the dams, the plants by capacity, the cropland and tree cover cells and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked; discharge, vegetation, surface water and the annual land cover load in the twin on request, each with its data date.<\/span><ul class=\"nx-ra-key nx-ast-key\"><li data-k=\"terrain\">Terrain 0 to 1,700 m<\/li><li data-k=\"river\">River 2,956 km<\/li><li data-k=\"dam\">14 dams<\/li><li data-k=\"plant\">6 power plants, 88 MW<\/li><li data-k=\"class-tree-cover\">Tree cover 37.8 percent of the box<\/li><li data-k=\"class-cropland\">Cropland 39.9 percent of the box<\/li><li data-k=\"class-built-up\">Built-up 0.9 percent of the box<\/li><li data-k=\"class-permanent-water\">Permanent water 4.7 percent of the box<\/li><li data-k=\"live-discharge\">River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo: read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-ndvi\">Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day: read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-surface-water\">Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): the flood pulse: read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><li data-k=\"live-landcover-modis\">Land cover classes, MODIS IGBP (annual): read live when the 3D twin opens<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-src\">Credits and dates per layer are listed under the stage. Relief in the twin is exaggerated \u00d71.5 for legibility.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><p class=\"nx-ast-help\" id=\"nx-ast-twin-help\">Drag to move, right drag or Shift with a drag to turn and tilt, Ctrl with the wheel to zoom. Keyboard: arrows move, Shift with arrows turn and tilt, + and \u2013 zoom, 0 resets, V steps through the views, Escape clears.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-ast-bar nx-ah-hud\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-label=\"Twin controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"open\" data-variant=\"primary\">Open the 3D twin<\/button><span class=\"nx-ah-status\" data-live=\"true\"><span class=\"nx-ah-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>4 live layers, checked 17 Oct 2026<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"reset\" disabled>Reset view<\/button><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"View\" data-ast-views=\"true\" data-ast-default=\"c-holograph\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"a-instrument\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Drawing<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"b-daylight\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled>Photo<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"style\" data-ast-style=\"c-holograph\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled>Holograph<\/button><\/span><details class=\"nx-ah-menu\" data-k=\"places\"><summary><span>Places<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-n\">5<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"Views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"lake\" disabled>Tonle Sap lake<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"phnom-penh\" disabled>Phnom Penh confluence<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"kratie\" disabled>The Mekong at Kratie<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"plain\" disabled>The rice plain south of the lake<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"view\" data-ast-view=\"whole\" disabled>The whole box<\/button><\/span><\/div><\/details><details class=\"nx-ah-menu\" data-k=\"layers\"><summary><span>Layers<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-n\">9<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><span class=\"nx-ast-group\" aria-label=\"Layers\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"overlay\" aria-pressed=\"false\" hidden disabled>Analysis overlay<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"terrain\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"terrain\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Terrain<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"rivers\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"lines\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Named rivers<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"dams\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"points\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Dams<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"plants\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"points\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Power plants<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"landcover\" data-ast-delivery=\"inline\" aria-pressed=\"true\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"class\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Cropland<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"discharge\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>River discharge<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"ndvi\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Vegetation index<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"surface-water\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Surface water extent<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"layer\" data-ast-layer=\"landcover-modis\" data-ast-delivery=\"browser-direct\" aria-pressed=\"false\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-sw\" data-f=\"live\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span>Land cover classes<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-tag\">Live<\/span><\/button><\/span><\/div><\/details><span class=\"nx-ast-group nx-ah-time\" aria-label=\"Time\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"earlier\" aria-label=\"Earlier date\" disabled><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&lsaquo;<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-it\">Earlier<\/span><\/button><span class=\"nx-ast-date\" data-ast-out=\"date\" aria-live=\"polite\">Date: newest<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn\" data-ast-act=\"later\" aria-label=\"Later date\" disabled><span class=\"nx-ah-it\">Later<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&rsaquo;<\/span><\/button><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-ast-btn nx-ah-tomap\" data-ast-act=\"to-map\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ah-pin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>Open in the map<\/button><details class=\"nx-ast-cred nx-ah-info\"><summary aria-label=\"Credits and data dates, The Tonle Sap and the Lower Mekong at Phnom Penh\"><span class=\"nx-ah-i\" aria-hidden=\"true\">i<\/span><span class=\"nx-ah-it\">Credits<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"nx-ah-pop\"><ul class=\"nx-ast-credits\"><li data-ast-layer=\"terrain\"><strong>Terrain<\/strong> Surface height in whole metres on a grid of 150 by 150 cells of about 1.8 kilometres; the basin floor lies under 100 metres and the ranges at the edges reach 1,700 metres. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">Produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 \u00a9 DLR e.V. 2010\u20132014 and \u00a9 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014\u20132018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved. read 2026-10-17.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A digital surface model: trees and roofs are in the heights. Relief exaggeration is printed on the stage.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"rivers\"><strong>Named rivers<\/strong> The Mekong, the Tonle Sap river and the named tributaries as centrelines, with their length in kilometres. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a>, ODbL 1.0. data as of 2026-07-15.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Centrelines as mapped, clipped to the box and simplified to 200 metres; no discharge or width is implied by the line.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"dams\"><strong>Dams<\/strong> One point for each mapped dam, with its name and operator where tagged. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0. data as of 2026-07-15.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Mapped dams only; a missing dam means it is not mapped, not that it does not exist.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"plants\"><strong>Power plants<\/strong> The hydropower, oil, waste and biomass plants inside the box with their capacity in MW and primary fuel, the energy node of the loop. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">Power plants: Global Power Plant Database v1.3.0 (2021), World Resources Institute and partners, CC BY 4.0. release 1.3.0, 2021-06-02.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A 2021 snapshot, never current operating status.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"landcover\"><strong>Cropland, tree cover, water and built-up shares (ESA WorldCover 2021)<\/strong> The share of cropland, tree cover, permanent water and built-up land in each of 200 by 200 cells, summarised at build time from the 10 metre product; the food and ecosystem nodes of the loop. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">(c) ESA WorldCover project 2021 \/ Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2021 processed by ESA WorldCover consortium (CC BY 4.0); dataset: Zanaga, D. et al. (2022), ESA WorldCover 10 m 2021 v200, doi:10.5281\/zenodo.7254221. read 2026-10-17.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A 2021 classification at 10 metres summarised to cells of about 1.4 kilometres from 16 sub-samples; not a crop yield, a harvest area or a wetland inventory.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"discharge\"><strong>River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo<\/strong> Daily Mekong discharge at the Kratie cell with the member range for the next 30 days, and on click anywhere in the box; the water inflow of the loop. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/\">Weather data by Open-Meteo.com<\/a> (CC BY 4.0); river discharge: contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026 (GloFAS); never a flood warning. Live: this page requests flood-api.open-meteo.com when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: Model output (forecast or reanalysis), shown with the member range where the API gives one; never a warning. The loop simulator adds one request to the same endpoint with start_date=1984-01-01 and end_date=today for the chosen cell to build the seasonal pulse.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"ndvi\"><strong>Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day<\/strong> Vegetation greenness across the basin; the season scrub steps the 8-day periods through the flood pulse. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day, NASA LP DAAC \/ LANCE, via NASA GIBS, with the product date. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: An indicator of vegetation condition, never yield or production.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"surface-water\"><strong>Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): the flood pulse<\/strong> Open and partial surface water on the date shown: the lake&#8217;s seasonal expansion and contraction. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">OPERA Dynamic Surface Water Extent from HLS, NASA JPL OPERA (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data; USGS Landsat), via NASA GIBS, with the product date. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A classification from optical imagery; clouds leave gaps in the wet season; never a flood warning.<\/span><\/li><li data-ast-layer=\"landcover-modis\"><strong>Land cover classes, MODIS IGBP (annual)<\/strong> The 500 metre annual land cover classes (croplands, wetlands, forests) for the newest year GIBS serves, draped on the terrain beside the WorldCover shares. <span class=\"nx-ast-cr\">MODIS land cover (MCD12Q1, IGBP classes), NASA LP DAAC, via NASA GIBS, with the product year. Live: this page requests gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov when the layer is opened; the data date is printed with it.<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/span> <span class=\"nx-ast-est\">Estimate: A classification, not a crop area statistic.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ast-why\">Why this place: One box of about 270 by 275 kilometres holds the Tonle Sap lake, whose flow reverses with the Mekong flood pulse each year, the Mekong main stem from Kratie to Phnom Penh, the rice plains that the pulse irrigates, the fisheries that feed the country, and the hydropower and thermal plants of the Global Power Plant Database, so the water-energy-food-ecosystems nexus can be taught where the couplings are strong and well documented. <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-c1\" data-tc=\"NRS-C1 data-quality\" data-tk=\"Nexus risk vocabulary\" data-td=\"The fitness of data for a given use, judged by accuracy, completeness, timeliness, consistency and resolution.\" data-ts=\"NRS-C1\" data-tr=\"draft\">Data quality<\/a>: Copernicus DEM GLO-30 covers the flat basin in nine tiles, the GloFAS cell at Kratie answered 15,416 cubic metres per second through Open-Meteo on 2026-10-17, ESA WorldCover gives cropland, tree cover and permanent water shares per cell and MODIS the annual land cover classes, and OpenStreetMap maps the dams and the named rivers. It connects to the Water-energy-food-ecosystems nexus, Nexus-Based Risk Management (NRM), Systemic, compound and cascading risk and Complex systems and systems modelling disciplines and to the water, energy and food nexus field maps of the ecosystem sites, which draw on the same rows.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div><div class=\"nx-ast-read\" data-ast-out=\"read\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><p class=\"nx-ast-note\" aria-live=\"polite\">Flat plan of the same data: the lake and rivers, the dams, the plants by capacity, the cropland and tree cover cells and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked; discharge, vegetation, surface water and the annual land cover load in the twin on request, each with its data date.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-swap\" data-ra-map-act=\"swap\" aria-label=\"Swap the main view and the inset\"><span class=\"nx-tw-swap-k\" data-tw-swap=\"true\">3D twin<\/span><span class=\"nx-tw-swap-v\">Swap<\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-ra-tb-insp nx-tw-insp\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-ictl\" hidden><\/div><\/div><aside class=\"nx-tw-dock\" data-nx-tabs=\"dock\" aria-label=\"Simulator: instruments, layers and sources\"><div class=\"nx-tw-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Simulator panels\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-inst\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-inst\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-key=\"inst\">Instruments<span>2<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-layers\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-key=\"layers\">Layers<span>12<\/span><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-tw-tab\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tw-t-src\" aria-controls=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-key=\"src\">Sources<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-inst\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-inst\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">The instruments run on the faculty home; their worked example is the Tonle Sap and the Lower Mekong at Phnom Penh:<\/p><ul class=\"nx-ai\"><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">System-dynamics loop simulator<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">A stock-and-flow loop of the basin&#8217;s four systems: river inflow fills a reservoir you size, its release turns a turbine, feeds irrigation on the cropland share WorldCover measured, and reaches the lake, whose flooded area drives a fish-catch index; six parameters on screen, twelve monthly steps, the stocks plotted and the summary in the table.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Cascade propagation across water, energy, food and ecosystems<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">Perturb one system (a drought year, a release rule change, a crop failure) and trace the response of the other three step by step through a coupling matrix: its default entries are the loop simulator&#8217;s own sensitivities, computed at build by finite differences, and you can scale or edit the couplings; the spectral radius says whether the cascade damps or amplifies.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-layers\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-layers\" hidden><div class=\"nx-tw-layers\" data-tw-layers=\"true\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">Open the map to switch its 12 layers.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-tw-pane\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-tw-p-src\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tw-t-src\" hidden><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">8 live and observed layers for this page, 4 from the twin. Data: Natural Earth, Open-Meteo.com, MODIS land cover, MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-HLS, NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-S1. Each layer states its provider, licence and date.<\/p><div class=\"nx-tw-cred\" data-tw-cred=\"true\"><\/div><\/div><\/aside><\/div><p class=\"nx-ra-map-note\" role=\"status\">The boundaries, names and designations shown do not imply any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Countries: Natural Earth (public domain).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-geography\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"maps\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-geography-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">03<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Live map<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-geography-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Hazards and exposure in China<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Flood water, active fires and surface heat beside population and night-time lights, over China.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-canvas-wrap\"><div class=\"nx-cmap-field\" data-nx-map=\"ctx-field\" data-cmap=\"china:risk\" data-ml-points=\"on\" data-ml-feeds=\"eonet|https:\/\/eonet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/api\/v3\/events\" data-ml-src=\"risk\" data-ml-relief=\"1.6\" data-ml-ctx=\"theme:risk\" data-ml-list=\"gibs.water.flood gibs.energy.fires gibs.health.people gibs.health.lstd gibs.energy.ntl gibs.health.aod ev.eonet ev.usgs gx.nhc gx.ems r.imerg r.dswxs1 r.hls r.labels\" data-ml-tools=\"inspect measure compare export\"><div class=\"nx-wm\" data-nx-water=\"ctx-risk\" data-wm-domain=\"ctx-risk\" data-wm-tiles=\"on\" data-wm-flat=\"on\" data-wm-focus=\"73,18,135,53.6\" data-ws-live=\"off\" data-claim=\"INTEGRATED\" data-wm-panel=\"closed\" data-wm-mode=\"2d\"><div class=\"nx-wm-stage\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"application\" aria-roledescription=\"interactive map\" aria-label=\"Hazards and exposure, China: satellite and model layers from NASA on a 3D terrain of ASTER GDEM elevation. Arrow keys move; with Shift they turn and tilt in 3D; plus and minus zoom, 0 resets; I inspects, question mark lists the keys.\" aria-describedby=\"nx-wm-help\"><canvas class=\"nx-wm-canvas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/canvas><p class=\"nx-wm-noscript\">The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-presets\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick views\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"flood,people||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Floods<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"fires||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Fires<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"lstd||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Heat<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-preset\" data-wm-preset=\"ntl||||\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Night lights<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel\" id=\"nx-wm-panel\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Map layers\"><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-panel-title\">Layers <span class=\"nx-wm-count\">3<\/span><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-panel-close\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-label=\"Close the layer list\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-panel-body\"><div class=\"nx-wm-group\"><p class=\"nx-wm-group-title\">Hazards and exposure<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"flood\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"20\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-short=\"Flood water\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Flood water, 3-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS Global Flood Product \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"flood\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.water.flood\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 250 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"fires\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"21\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"1\" data-wm-breaks=\"10,50,200\" data-wm-short=\"Fires and flares\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE FIRMS\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Active fires and thermal anomalies<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE FIRMS VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"MW\">Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"fires\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.fires\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds and overpass timing leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE FIRMS<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite detection; clouds and overpass timing leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-13<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite hot-spot detections for the day shown, including gas flares and industrial heat; not a confirmed fire, an incident report or a warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"people\" aria-pressed=\"true\" data-wm-z=\"22\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Population density\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)\" data-wm-kind=\"Census-based estimate, static (2020)\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Population density, 2020<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University) Gridded Population of the World v4.11 \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"estimated\" data-wm-lic=\"CC BY 4.0\" data-wm-unit=\"people\/km\u00b2\">Estimated<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"people\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.people\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Estimated<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"lstd\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"23\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Land temperature, day\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"\u00b0C\">Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"lstd\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.lstd\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-09-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 1 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"ntl\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"24\" data-wm-lag=\"0\" data-wm-op=\"0.9\" data-wm-short=\"Night lights\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LAADS DAAC\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Night-time lights, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LAADS DAAC VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"nW\/(cm\u00b2 sr)\">Observed<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"ntl\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.energy.ntl\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LAADS DAAC<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-12<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 500 m grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-layer\" data-wm-toggle=\"aod\" aria-pressed=\"false\" data-wm-z=\"25\" data-wm-lag=\"1\" data-wm-op=\"0.8\" data-wm-short=\"Haze (aerosol)\" data-wm-prov=\"NASA LANCE\" data-wm-kind=\"Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps\"><span class=\"nx-wm-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-text\"><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-name\">Aerosol optical depth, daily<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\">NASA LANCE VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-layer-src\" data-wm-ep=\"observed\" data-wm-lic=\"NASA open data\" data-wm-unit=\"AOD\">Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/span><\/span><\/button><div class=\"nx-wm-tools\" data-wm-tools=\"aod\" hidden><\/div><details class=\"nx-wm-prov\" data-wm-prov-for=\"gibs.health.aod\"><summary>About this layer<\/summary><dl class=\"nx-wm-prov-list\"><dt>Evidence<\/dt><dd>Observed (clouds leave gaps)<\/dd><dt>Source<\/dt><dd>VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD (NASA LANCE)<\/dd><dt>Provider<\/dt><dd>NASA LANCE<\/dd><dt>Licence<\/dt><dd><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NASA open data<\/a><\/dd><dt>Vintage<\/dt><dd>daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps<\/dd><dt>Newest at build<\/dt><dd>2026-10-14<\/dd><dt>Resolution<\/dt><dd>about 2 km grid<\/dd><dt>Uncertainty<\/dt><dd>Satellite measure of haze, smoke and dust through the whole air column on the day shown; an exposure indicator, not ground-level PM2.5, an air quality index or a health warning.<\/dd><dt>Reached through<\/dt><dd>gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map<\/dd><\/dl><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-rail\" role=\"toolbar\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\" aria-label=\"Map controls\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-open\" data-wm-act=\"panel\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-panel\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Layers\" title=\"Layers\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2.5l-6.5 3.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5zm-6.5 6.5 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5m-13 2.8 6.5 3.5 6.5-3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"tools\" aria-controls=\"nx-wm-menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" title=\"Expert tools\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 4.5l10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-10 3.5 10 0m-7.5-8.5 0 3m5 .5 0 3m-3.5.5 0 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"in\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\" title=\"Zoom in\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 3v10M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"out\" aria-label=\"Zoom out\" title=\"Zoom out\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3 8h10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"Reset the view\" title=\"Reset the view\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.2 8a4.8 4.8 0 1 0 1.5-3.5M3.2 2.6v2.6h2.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"full\" aria-label=\"Full screen\" title=\"Full screen\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M2.5 6l0-3.5 3.5 0m7.5 3.5 0-3.5-3.5 0m-7.5 7.5 0 3.5 3.5 0m7.5-3.5 0 3.5-3.5 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-menu\" id=\"nx-wm-menu\" role=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Expert tools\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"inspect\">Inspect a point<kbd>I<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"measure\">Measure distance<kbd>M<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitemcheckbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-wm-tool=\"compare\">Compare two dates<kbd>C<\/kbd><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"share\">Copy a link to this view<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"png\">Export as PNG with credits<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-menu-item\" role=\"menuitem\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\">Keyboard shortcuts<kbd>?<\/kbd><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-keys\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Keyboard shortcuts\" hidden><p class=\"nx-wm-keys-title\">Keyboard, with the map focused<\/p><dl class=\"nx-wm-keys-list\"><\/dl><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon nx-wm-keys-close\" data-wm-tool=\"keys\" aria-label=\"Close the shortcuts\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-hint\" hidden>Hold Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll to zoom<\/p><p class=\"nx-wm-toolbar\" role=\"status\" hidden><\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-tip\" role=\"tooltip\" hidden><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin\" hidden><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-head\"><p class=\"nx-wm-pin-title\"><\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-act=\"unpin\" aria-label=\"Close the card\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M3.5 3.5l9 9M12.5 3.5l-9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-chart\"><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-pin-body\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-dock\"><div class=\"nx-wm-time\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Imagery date\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"prev\" aria-label=\"One day earlier\">\u2039<\/button><p class=\"nx-wm-time-label\">Latest available<\/p><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-icon\" data-wm-step=\"next\" aria-label=\"One day later\">\u203a<\/button><span class=\"nx-wm-track\" role=\"slider\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Imagery date, up to 30 days back\" aria-valuemin=\"0\" aria-valuemax=\"30\" aria-valuenow=\"30\" aria-valuetext=\"Latest available\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"nx-wm-latest\" data-wm-step=\"latest\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Latest<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-wm-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Legends\"><\/div><p class=\"nx-wm-attrib\">NASA GIBS \/ EOSDIS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) \u00b7 Blue Marble (NASA) \u00b7 \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) \u00b7 Natural Earth<\/p><div class=\"nx-wm-legends\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-container nx-wm-below\"><p class=\"nx-wm-status\" role=\"status\">Loading the latest NASA imagery.<\/p><p id=\"nx-wm-help\" class=\"nx-wm-help\">Drag to move. Ctrl or \u2318 and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.<\/p><p class=\"nx-caption\"><span>Hazards and exposure, framed on China.<\/span><span data-honesty=\"true\">Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.<\/span><\/p><details class=\"nx-wm-credits\"><summary><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-line\">Data: NASA GIBS \u00b7 ASTER GDEM \u00b7 Blue Marble \u00b7 <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors<\/a> \u00b7 Natural Earth \u00b7 NASA EONET \u00b7 U.S. Geological Survey<\/span><span class=\"nx-wm-credits-more\">Sources and licences<\/span><\/summary><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.field-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.water-layers\">We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.viirs-water\">VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.lance.firms\">NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"sedac.gpw-v4\">Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.7927\/H49C6VHW<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.laads.black-marble\">VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.modis-viirs.atmosphere\">MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa-meti.aster-gdem-v3\">ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA\/METI\/AIST\/Japan Spacesystems and U.S.\/Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003\" rel=\"noopener\">doi:10.5067\/ASTER\/ASTGTM.003<\/a>. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"naturalearth.all-scales\">Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public domain<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.gibs.reference-osm\">\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">ODbL<\/a><\/li><li data-wm-credit=\"nasa.earth-observatory.blue-marble\">Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA open data<\/a><\/li><li>Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.<\/li><li>Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, \u00a9 MapLibre contributors.<\/li><li>Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.<\/li><li>Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.<\/li><li>NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA&#8217;s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA&#8217;s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).<\/li><li>River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.<\/li><li>Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https:\/\/open-meteo.com\/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).<\/li><li>Optional layers (10 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-wm-credit\"><strong>Layers and dates<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"nx-wm-credit-list\"><li>Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"flood\">14 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"fires\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"people\">static<\/span><\/li><li>Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"lstd\">14 Sep 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"ntl\">12 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><li>Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE \u00b7 <span data-wm-date=\"aod\">13 Oct 2026<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p><\/details><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-chapter\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-chapter-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">04<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The subject<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-chapter-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"chapter\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-chapter\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-chapter\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"chapter\">The discipline<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-measures\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-measures\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"measures\">Measures<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-methods\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"methods\">Methods<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-debates\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-debates\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"debates\">Debates<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-bodies\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-bodies\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"bodies\">Bodies and data<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-chapter\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-chapter\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">The field and its scope<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">For analysts, planners and risk officers who must assess risks that cross sector and organisational boundaries, and who need to read, build and critique a cascade or compound-event assessment.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-measures\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-measures\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Quantities and units<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-methods\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-methods\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Methods and their limits<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each method is listed with what it assumes and where it fails.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-debates\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-debates\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">What the field debates<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-bodies\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-chapter-t-bodies\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Bodies that set practice, and the data they publish<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Bodies and standards are named so learners can find and apply their published work; the Academy teaches their use and links to the publisher, and no affiliation is implied.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-model\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-model-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">05<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">The method<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-model-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Two networks, one failure: how coupling turns a local outage into a cascade<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><p class=\"nx-p\">A failure in one system removes a share of the function of the systems that depend on it; when the dependence runs both ways the loss feeds back, and above a critical coupling the cascade size jumps from a fraction of the first shock to most of both systems.<\/p><p class=\"nx-note nx-mt-2\">Sources: <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08932\" rel=\"noopener\">Buldyrev, Parshani, Paul, Stanley and Havlin, Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks<\/a> (2010); Rinaldi, Peerenboom and Kelly, Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependencies (2001); Helbing, Globally networked risks and how to respond (2013); Zscheischler et al., Future climate risk from compound events (2018).<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-figure\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-figure-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">06<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">At a glance<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-figure-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">At a glance, with 5 related topics<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"figure\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"At a glance, with 5 related topics\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-figure\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-figure\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"figure\">At a glance<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-standards\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-standards\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"standards\">Nexus Standards<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-hub\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-hub\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"hub\">Hub<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-profile\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-profile\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"profile\">Methods and standards<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-frontier\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-frontier\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"frontier\">What is changing now<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-courses\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-courses\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"courses\">Courses<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-also\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-also\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"also\">Also taught here<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-figure\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-figure\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Systemic, compound and cascading risk at a glance<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><section class=\"nx-fh-vis\" aria-label=\"Compound events, cascading failure, shock propagation and tipping points\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-fh-con\"><p class=\"nx-fh-con-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><span>risksacademy.com<\/span><span>systems-nexus<\/span><strong>discipline<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-fh-con-b\"><figure class=\"nx-ra-sig\" data-motif=\"cascade\" data-scope=\"discipline\"><svg class=\"nx-ra-sig-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 480 300\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Systemic, compound and cascading risk: 1 primary courses open, 1 in preparation and 1 also taught here, across 8 subtopics and 1 connected discipline. Courses: RAS-403 L2 open, RAS-405 L2 in preparation, RAS-401 L2 also taught here.\" focusable=\"false\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><title>Systemic, compound and cascading risk: 1 primary courses open, 1 in preparation and 1 also taught here, across 8 subtopics and 1 connected discipline. Courses: RAS-403 L2 open, RAS-405 L2 in preparation, RAS-401 L2 also taught here.<\/title><\/svg><figcaption class=\"nx-ra-sig-cap\"><span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-t\">Systemic, compound and cascading risk at a glance<\/span><\/span><ul class=\"nx-ra-key\"><li data-k=\"live\">Open, 1<\/li><li data-k=\"prep\">In preparation, 1<\/li><li data-k=\"also\">Also taught here, 1<\/li><li data-k=\"topic\">Subtopics, 8<\/li><\/ul><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-how\">Drawn as a network cascade: the discipline as the source, its courses as the first tier and connected disciplines as the second.<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-sig-src\">Course codes from the curriculum; study levels L1 to L4.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><a class=\"nx-fh-go\" href=\"#nx-sec-maps\"><span class=\"nx-fh-go-k\">Twin builder<\/span><span class=\"nx-fh-go-t\">Build a twin of any place<\/span><span class=\"nx-fh-go-m\">Worked example: the Tonle Sap and the Lower Mekong at Phnom Penh \u00b7 5 generators \u00b7 13 layers \u00b7 2 instruments<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-standards\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-standards\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Nexus Standards it teaches and relies on<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">The <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/\" data-tc=\"Nexus Standards\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The foundation standards\">Nexus Standards<\/a> the discipline teaches toward, grouped by master standard, with the disciplines that teach each.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><ul class=\"nx-xcards\"><li><article class=\"nx-xcard\"><p class=\"nx-xcard-head\"><span class=\"nx-xcard-code\">nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk \u00b7 6 taught<\/span><\/p><div class=\"nx-xcard-body\"><h3 class=\"nx-xcard-t\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/\">Systemic Risks<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"nx-xcard-m\">NRS-C6 Systemic and cascading risk; NRS-H60 Supply-chain and flow disruption<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-live\"><div><span class=\"nx-xcard-meter\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"1 of 1 disciplines teach toward it\"><i data-on=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><\/div><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>6<\/b>standards<\/span><span class=\"nx-xcard-kpi\"><b>1<\/b>discipline<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nx-xcard-acts\"><a class=\"nx-xcard-go\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/\">Open the area <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-xcard-alt\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">The mapping<\/a><\/div><\/article><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-fs-foot\"><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/nexus-standards\/\">Nexus Standards at the Academy<\/a><span>The Academy proposes how each discipline teaches toward the Nexus Standards; the mapping is open for public review.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-hub\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-hub\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Research and tools<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Research and preprints as they are published, by discipline, with the faculty&#8217;s other tools.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-feeds\" data-ra-feeds=\"systems-nexus\" data-ra-feeds-od=\"abtY+VnfRANsD53a+xxAHwVAGGHEnAwnYfAZRBW2aoE=\" data-ra-feeds-scope=\"systemic-cascading-risk\"><p class=\"nx-tw-empty\">The hub lists the newest research and preprints for Systemic, compound and cascading risk, each with its source and date. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/research-hub\/\">Open the research hub<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-profile\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-profile\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Hazard families it covers<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">From the Academy&#8217;s risk taxonomy: the discipline&#8217;s own entries and those of its primary courses, with how many courses teach each.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof\"><div class=\"nx-ra-prof-c\" data-lead=\"true\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Hazard families<\/h3><ol><li><span>Banking and financial crisis<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Critical infrastructure outage<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Drought<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Extreme heat<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><li><span>Supplier and supply disruption<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">1 course<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"nx-ra-prof-c\"><h3 class=\"nx-h4\">Methods and practice<\/h3><ol><li><span>Network and systems analysis<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-prof-n\">2 courses<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-frontier\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-frontier\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">What is changing now<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Recent developments in systemic, compound and cascading risk, each with its source; sources checked on 16 October 2026.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-courses\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-courses\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Courses in this discipline<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Courses with this as their primary discipline.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-cc\"><p class=\"nx-cc-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><strong>Courses with this primary discipline<\/strong><\/span><span>1 course open<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-ra-reg\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/shock-propagation\/\"><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAS-403<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Shock Propagation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"live\">Open for enrolment<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Systems, L2 Intermediate, 27.5 hours<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><span data-planned-course=\"compound-and-cascading-risk\"><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAS-405<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Compound and Cascading Risk<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"prep\">In preparation<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Systems, L2 Intermediate, 10 hours (estimate)<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-also\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-figure-t-also\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Courses from connected disciplines that also teach this field<\/h3><p class=\"nx-lede\">Each course has its primary discipline elsewhere and teaches this field as part of its scope.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-cc\"><p class=\"nx-cc-h\"><span class=\"nx-tw-path\"><strong>From connected disciplines<\/strong><\/span><span>1 course open<\/span><\/p><ol class=\"nx-ra-reg\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/complexity-and-networks\/\"><span class=\"nx-ra-code\">RAS-401<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-b\"><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-t\">Complexity and Networks<\/span><\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-state\" data-state=\"live\">Open for enrolment<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-reg-m\">Systems, L2 Intermediate, 25.5 hours, primary discipline: Complex systems and systems modelling<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-labs\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-labs-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">07<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Labs<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-labs-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How the subject is practised in labs<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><div class=\"nx-table-wrap\"><table class=\"nx-table\" data-stack=\"true\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Lab<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What you do in it<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Courses using it<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td data-label=\"Lab\">Network lab<\/td><td data-label=\"What you do in it\">Build dependency graphs, find critical nodes, trace cascades<\/td><td data-label=\"Courses using it\">3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-label=\"Lab\">Map lab<\/td><td data-label=\"What you do in it\">Read hazard, exposure and boundaries on real maps<\/td><td data-label=\"Courses using it\">1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-scenario\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-ra-inst=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-scenario-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">08<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Console<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-scenario-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">How Systemic, compound and cascading risk is taught, as a process you can run<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Press Play to run this process from this page&#8217;s own data.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-band-ladder\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-band-ladder-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">09<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Learning<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-band-ladder-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Learning, practice and connections<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tabs\" data-nx-tabs=\"true\" data-active=\"ladder\"><div class=\"nx-tablist\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Learning, practice and connections\"><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-ladder\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-ladder\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-key=\"ladder\">Achievements<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-pathways\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-pathways\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"pathways\">Pathways<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-practice\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-practice\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"practice\">Where this is practised<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-foundry\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-foundry\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"foundry\">Practised in<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-connected\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-connected\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"connected\">Connected disciplines<\/button><button class=\"nx-tab\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-ecosystem\" aria-controls=\"nx-sec-ecosystem\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-key=\"ecosystem\">Across the ecosystem<\/button><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-ladder\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-ladder\"><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Achievements in this discipline<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-pathways\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-pathways\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Pathways that teach it<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"zZTdTgIxEEZfZdL7UsU7szTx71IveINJd5ad0G03nQHh7c3CYiQRxWCM1\/16Jt\/JtFXNawgRRWYmbSwWAzUqWlEsOjMpJzK+yvEoY19xK8ZXkX2FxydooC3UzEyr2sutc4VlKRiwpm47CblzPWo73HepdLaJuJCWe2d8JT2mY9jS+Lv9TTgEKzfEPgur8S+0WYm9R6Ea5ixLeMaEC+oo6TsAxvmnQZ3xN5AbYBWYXkHIqyIkgIWAE2jLAjVL4D5yosmB49BXbhBymZQQuUMlOyRsbhoOVE7KmedI3\/dR4x\/2VBioMFK\/FDA9CLj+awF1KbYvGJSVc\/qN8o8sKEpl375QvQoDGj5OOVPG9I9lUOlst9vhX\/DwlJRKX1jGPRjB\/7T67gFgwrgVvbz77jcYaWcWvv5xYZejr1zNa\/8G\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-practice\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-practice\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Where the subject is practised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-foundry\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-foundry\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">The two Foundry systems where it is practised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-ra-cite\"><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\">Foundry<\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s6\">NXS-GRX system<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Cascades across coupled domains<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Cascades room<\/span><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-o\"><\/span><span><a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/standards\/nrs\/#nrs-s3\">NXS-DSS system<\/a><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Compound scenarios<\/span><span class=\"nx-ra-cite-n\">Scenarios room<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"nx-ra-cite-f\">Foundry system pages describe what each system and its rooms are designed to do; the courses teach the methods these systems apply.<\/p><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-connected\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-connected\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Disciplines it depends on<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\"><ul class=\"nx-ai\"><li><a class=\"nx-ai-a\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/infrastructure-energy\/critical-infrastructure\/\"><span class=\"nx-ai-k\">Faculty of Infrastructure, Energy and Industry<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-t\">Critical infrastructure and lifelines<\/span><span class=\"nx-ai-w\">The discipline covers the lifeline systems whose failure cascades across society: electricity, water and wastewater.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-panel\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"nx-sec-ecosystem\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-tb-band-ladder-t-ecosystem\" hidden><div class=\"nx-ra-tp-h\"><h3 class=\"nx-h3\">Across the ecosystem<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-take-part\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-take-part-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">10<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Take part<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-take-part-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Take part in Systems and Nexus Studies<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Start from who you are.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-references\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"plain\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-references-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">11<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">References<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-references-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Core references and where to begin<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Start with Sillmann, then Helbing, then Zscheischler.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-questions\" class=\"nx-section nx-as\" data-as=\"wide\" data-ra-wide=\"true\" data-hue=\"systemic\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-sec-questions-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">12<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Questions<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-sec-questions-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Questions, answers and key terms<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body nx-as-body\"><div class=\"nx-faq\"><details><summary>Is study here free?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Yes. Every course and learning material of Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium, is free to study, self-paced or with a cohort. Ordinary participation has no fee; paid work, internships and fellowships are separate arrangements.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does completing a course give me?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">A completion record: the course, its version, the date and what was assessed, private by default and shared by you. It stacks into discipline, department and programme achievements. A record states what was studied and assessed and does not certify competence; it is not a licence, a professional title or an employment status.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where do the data and the places come from?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Every faculty teaches on a twin of a real place built from open data; each layer carries its provider, licence and date, and every result on the Academy states its source. Maps and figures are indicators for teaching, never an assessment of a place.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I take part beyond the courses in systemic, compound and cascading risk?<\/summary><div class=\"nx-answer\">Form a competence cell of three to seven people, study a shared pathway, take a supervised assignment in the National Working Groups, or bring a cohort from your institution. <a class=\"nx-link\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/for-organisations\/\">For organisations<\/a>.<\/div><\/details><\/div><p class=\"nx-eyebrow nx-mt-4\">Key terms<\/p><div class=\"nx-cells\" data-cols=\"4\"><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Systemic risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Risk that arises from interactions within and between <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/systems\" data-tc=\"Systems\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The twenty Nexus systems, NXS-CMD to NXS-LAB\">systems<\/a> and can affect the whole.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Compound event<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A combination of hazards or drivers that together produce an extreme impact.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Cascading risk<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">Risk of a chain of impacts that spreads from one system to others.<\/p><\/div><div><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Term<\/span><h3 class=\"nx-h4 nx-mt-2\">Tipping point<\/h3><p class=\"nx-p nx-mt-1\">A threshold beyond which a system changes state, often irreversibly.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section nx-deeper-band\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><nav class=\"nx-deeper\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\" data-nx-deeper=\"3\" data-nx-resources=\"1 1 1\"><h2 class=\"nx-deeper-h\" id=\"nx-deeper-ra-h\">Go deeper<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/model\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Documentation:<\/span> The MODEL<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/course-catalogue\/systemic-cascading-risk\/\"><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Academy:<\/span> Courses in systemic, compound and cascading risk<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nexustandards.com\/systemic-risk\/global-and-systemic-risk\/\" data-ext><span class=\"nx-deeper-k\">Standards:<\/span> Global and systemic risk<span class=\"nx-deeper-x\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"nx-deeper-sr\"> (opens another site)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section id=\"nx-sec-nr-gateway\" class=\"nx-section\" data-hue=\"systemic\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><div class=\"nx-section-head\"><div class=\"nx-eyebrow-row\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Reports<\/span><span class=\"nx-rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Contribute<\/span><\/div><h2 id=\"nx-nr-gateway-h\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Contribute evidence from this page.<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">Reports is the Consortium&#8217;s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.<\/p><div class=\"nx-chips\"><span class=\"nx-chip\">Risk Academy<\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"nx-section-body\"><figure class=\"nx-as-z\" data-nx-z=\"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\"><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-section\" data-tone=\"alt\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-rel-1\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Related<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-rel-1\" class=\"nx-h3 nx-mt-2\">Around Systemic, compound and cascading risk<\/h2><nav class=\"nx-related nx-mt-3\" aria-label=\"Related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/complex-systems-modelling\/\">Complex systems and systems modelling <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/global-catastrophic-risk\/\">Global catastrophic risks <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/tipping-points-resilience\/\">Tipping points and resilience of Earth and social systems <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/supply-network-contagion\/\">Supply network and economic contagion <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/departments\/systemic-risk\/\">Department of Systemic Risk and Complexity <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/\">Faculty of Systems and Nexus Studies <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/nav><\/div><\/section><section class=\"nx-closing\" aria-labelledby=\"nx-close-2\"><div class=\"nx-container\"><span class=\"nx-eyebrow\">Systemic, compound and cascading risk<\/span><h2 id=\"nx-close-2\" class=\"nx-section-title\">Start with an open course<\/h2><p class=\"nx-lede\">The catalogue lists each course with its outcomes, <a class=\"nx-link nx-term\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.therisk.global\/organization\/programme\/labs\" data-tc=\"Labs\" data-tk=\"Nexus Standards\" data-td=\"The research pillar of the programme, one of six (OR-11, OR-12)\">labs<\/a>, hours and level.<\/p><div class=\"nx-actions\"><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/courses\/shock-propagation\/\">Open RAS-403 <svg class=\"nx-arrow\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"\/><\/svg><\/a><a class=\"nx-btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" href=\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/departments\/systemic-risk\/\">Back to Department of Systemic Risk and Complexity<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><script class=\"_iub_cs_skip\">window.__nxMount ? window.__nxMount(document.currentScript) : null;<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/systemic-cascading-risk\/#faq\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/risksacademy.com\/systems-nexus\/systemic-cascading-risk\/#webpage\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is study here free?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. 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