Illustrative: a hexagonal population grid where a wave rises, peaks and recovers from seeded outbreaks

Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium · Course catalogue · Health and Society

Global Health Security

Public health emergencies and epidemics

Public health emergencies and epidemics, taught twice over: as the working methods of the field and as its frontier since 2024, with labs on the Academy's tools, open data and the Nexus Standards.

Core course Frontier course

The discipline

01Core course · L2 Intermediate

Public health emergencies and epidemics: foundations and practice

This area covers the prevention, detection and response to epidemics and other public health emergencies: the International Health Regulations, epidemic intelligence and surveillance, outbreak investigation, vector-borne disease, pandemic preparedness and public health communication.

Level
L2 Intermediate
Study time
about 24 hours (planning estimate)
Status
In authoring
Prerequisites
An L1 course in the area, or an entry review

Why now

Leaves pathogen sharing and benefit terms unsettled, prolonging uncertainty over countermeasure access in the next pandemic. World Health Organization, WHO Member States agree to extend negotiations on Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing annex, 1 May 2026

Learning outcomes

  1. Define IHR core capacities and the other key terms of the discipline and use them correctly in a written case
  2. Explain international Health Regulations and epidemic intelligence and surveillance with a worked example and its source
  3. Apply the discipline's method to a documented case and explain each result with its source
  4. Analyse a named case against outbreak investigation, stating evidence, date and limits

Modules

  1. International Health Regulations
    • International Health Regulations
    • Epidemic intelligence and surveillance
    • Outbreak investigation
  2. Vector-borne disease
    • Vector-borne disease
    • Pandemic preparedness and response
    • Public health risk communication
  3. Medical countermeasures and supply
    • Medical countermeasures and supply
    • Mass gatherings
  4. Lab: the discipline's method
    • Every day an outbreak grows undetected multiplies the cases that exist when it is found, the contacts that have to be traced and the tracing coverage needed to bring the effective reproduction number below one; time to detection is the quantity that response capacity is bought against.
    • Work the method through a documented case and explain each result
    • Read the method's sources and stated values

Labs with Academy tools

Open data

Nexus Standards

Teaches

  • NRS-N4 Health risk and resilience
  • NRS-H35 Hazard family: Airborne and respiratory infection
  • NRS-H36 Hazard family: Vaccine-preventable outbreaks
  • NRS-H37 Hazard family: Faecal-oral and foodborne infection
  • NRS-H38 Hazard family: Vector-borne infection
  • NRS-H39 Hazard family: Haemorrhagic fever
  • NRS-H77 Hazard family: Emerging and unknown infection threats
  • NRS-H40 Hazard family: Blood-borne and sexually transmitted infection

Relies on

  • NS-1 The UNI and the artefact catalogue
  • NS-16 UNI application profile (how articles, documents, code, data, APIs and interfaces carry the UNI)
  • NRS-C1 Risk vocabulary and ontology
  • NRS-C2 Risk assessment method
  • NRS-C3 Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity data
  • NRS-C4 Risk data model, identifiers and exchange
  • NRS-C7 Early warning, triggers and anticipatory action
  • NRS-C8 Evidence, uncertainty and provenance

Assessment

  • 40%Lab recordWork the discipline's method through a documented case and explain each result with its source and date
  • 40%Case memoApply the discipline's methods to a named place or organisation, stating evidence and limits
  • 20%Key terms checkShort answers on the key terms, marked against the definitions

Delivery

  • Self-paced online, with the labs in the browser
  • Cohort study over six to eight weeks, with a weekly lab review
  • Co-delivered with a partner institution, inside its own courses

Partner on this course

  • Co-teach a module and bring a current case from your work
  • Host a cohort for your learners, with your own schedule and review
  • Contribute a lab: a dataset your institution publishes openly, or a model
  • Review the course content and its references before it opens
  • Translate the course and adapt its cases to your region

How institutions and experts take part

In the Academy LMS

Course on the learning platform
Intermediate, 4 topics
Cohort group
A community group for each cohort of learners
Achievement
Recorded on completion of the assessed work

Open now in this discipline

References

  1. World Health Organization, WHO Member States agree to extend negotiations on Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing annex, 1 May 2026
  2. Fraser, Riley, Anderson and Ferguson, Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable, 2004
  3. Kucharski and others, Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study, 2020
  4. Heymann and others, Global health security: the wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic, 2015
02Live map

Environmental exposure in India

Haze, nitrogen dioxide, dust, surface heat by day and night, and where people live, over India.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 2

Environmental exposure

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Environmental exposure, framed on India.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONETSources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • OMI nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP), NASA; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MERRA-2 reanalysis, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.
  • Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.
  • Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (12 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC · 10 Oct 2026
  • Surface dust PM2.5, monthly mean: MERRA-2, NASA GMAO / GES DISC · July 2026
  • Land surface temperature, night, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
  • Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026

03How learning runs

How learning runs, as a process you can run

Select a scenario and press Play: course, pathway, practice, faculty, cells and record.

04What is changing

Frontier course · L3 advanced, programme courses and standards

Public health emergencies and epidemics: frontier methods

The methods, data, tools and studies that changed public health emergencies and epidemics between 2024 and 2026, taught by reproducing them on open data.

Level
L3 Advanced
Study time
about 28 hours (planning estimate)
Status
Planned
Prerequisites
Public health emergencies and epidemics: foundations and practice; Working knowledge of a scripting language (Python or R) for the labs

Why now

The amended International Health Regulations entered into force in September 2025 with a new pandemic emergency level, the WHO Pandemic Agreement was adopted in May 2025, and genomic surveillance and wastewater monitoring are now standing tools. World Health Organization, Global genomic surveillance strategy for pathogens with pandemic and epidemic potential 2022 to 2032, 2022

Learning outcomes

  1. Explain what changed in public health emergencies and epidemics since 2024 and cite the studies, data or rules behind each change
  2. Reproduce genomic surveillance on open data and state the uncertainty of the result
  3. Evaluate a 2024 to 2026 study: its question, data, method, limits and what it changes for practice
  4. Design an analysis that combines a frontier method with the faculty's instruments, and justify each choice

Modules

  1. Genomic surveillance
    • Sequencing strategy and representativeness
    • Phylodynamics with Nextstrain
    • Data sharing terms and equity
  2. Wastewater epidemiology
    • Sampling, normalisation and lead time
    • Variant detection in wastewater
    • Linking signals to action
  3. Emergency law and governance
    • IHR 2005 and the 2024 amendments
    • The Pandemic Agreement and its annex
    • Intra-action and after-action review
  4. Pathogen access and benefit-sharing annex negotiations extended
    • WHO member states agreed they needed more time to finish the PABS annex, with the outcome due at the May 2027 Assembly or an earlier special session; the Pandemic Agreement cannot be signed until then.
    • World Health Organization, 1 May 2026
  5. WHO ends the 2024 mpox public health emergency
    • After its emergency committee met in September 2025, the WHO Director-General determined the mpox upsurge was no longer a PHEIC, citing declining African cases and improved country capacity, while standing recommendations continue.
    • World Health Organization, 30 October 2025
  6. Reproduction lab
    • Extend the discipline's method with one frontier method and compare its results
    • State the uncertainty and the limits of the result
    • Peer review against a shared checklist
  7. Technology that helps and the risks it carries
    • AI-assisted diagnostics, genomic surveillance and digital health.
    • Ransomware in hospitals, AI medical device risk, biosecurity and neurotechnology.

Labs with Academy tools

Open data

Nexus Standards

Teaches

  • NRS-N4 Health risk and resilience
  • NRS-H35 Hazard family: Airborne and respiratory infection
  • NRS-H36 Hazard family: Vaccine-preventable outbreaks
  • NRS-H37 Hazard family: Faecal-oral and foodborne infection
  • NRS-H38 Hazard family: Vector-borne infection
  • NRS-H39 Hazard family: Haemorrhagic fever
  • NRS-H77 Hazard family: Emerging and unknown infection threats
  • NRS-H40 Hazard family: Blood-borne and sexually transmitted infection

Relies on

  • NS-1 The UNI and the artefact catalogue
  • NS-16 UNI application profile (how articles, documents, code, data, APIs and interfaces carry the UNI)
  • NRS-C1 Risk vocabulary and ontology
  • NRS-C2 Risk assessment method
  • NRS-C3 Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity data
  • NRS-C4 Risk data model, identifiers and exchange
  • NRS-C7 Early warning, triggers and anticipatory action
  • NRS-C8 Evidence, uncertainty and provenance

Assessment

  • 50%Method reproductionReproduce one frontier method on open data and state the uncertainty of the result
  • 30%Study reviewA critical review of a 2024 to 2026 study: question, data, method, limits, what it changes
  • 20%Peer reviewReview two other learners' reproductions against a shared checklist

Delivery

  • Self-paced online, with the labs in the browser
  • Cohort study over six to eight weeks, with a weekly lab review
  • Co-delivered with a partner institution, inside its own courses

Partner on this course

  • Co-teach a module and bring a current case from your work
  • Host a cohort for your learners, with your own schedule and review
  • Contribute a lab: a dataset your institution publishes openly, or a model
  • Review the course content and its references before it opens
  • Translate the course and adapt its cases to your region

How institutions and experts take part

In the Academy LMS

Course on the learning platform
Expert, 7 topics
Cohort group
A community group for each cohort of learners
Achievement
Recorded on completion of the assessed work

Open now in this discipline

References

  1. World Health Organization, Global genomic surveillance strategy for pathogens with pandemic and epidemic potential 2022 to 2032, 2022
  2. World Health Organization, WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence, 2025
  3. World Health Organization, WHO Member States agree to extend negotiations on Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing annex, 1 May 2026
  4. World Health Organization, Fifth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the upsurge of mpox 2024, 30 October 2025
  5. World Health Organization, Amended International Health Regulations enter into force, 19 September 2025
  6. World Health Organization, World Health Assembly adopts historic Pandemic Agreement to make the world more equitable and safer from future pandemics, 20 May 2025
  7. Fraser, Riley, Anderson and Ferguson, Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable, 2004
  8. Kucharski and others, Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study, 2020
  9. Heymann and others, Global health security: the wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic, 2015
05Take part

Take part in the work

Start from who you are.

06Questions

Questions, answers and key terms

Is the course free?
Yes. Every course and learning material of Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium, is free to study, self-paced or with a cohort. Ordinary participation has no fee; paid work, internships and fellowships are separate arrangements.
What does completing a course give me?
A completion record: the course, its version, the date and what was assessed, private by default and shared by you. It stacks into discipline, department and programme achievements. A record states what was studied and assessed and does not certify competence; it is not a licence, a professional title or an employment status.
Where do the data and the places come from?
Every faculty teaches on a twin of a real place built from open data; each layer carries its provider, licence and date, and every result on the Academy states its source. Maps and figures are indicators for teaching, never an assessment of a place.
How do I take part beyond the course?
Form a competence cell of three to seven people, study a shared pathway, take a supervised assignment in the National Working Groups, or bring a cohort from your institution. For organisations.

Key terms

Term

IHR core capacities

The public health functions countries maintain under the International Health Regulations to detect and respond to events.

Term

Event-based surveillance

The rapid capture of reports about potential health events from many sources.

Term

Basic reproduction number

The average number of new infections caused by one case in a fully susceptible population.

Term

Non-pharmaceutical intervention

A public health measure other than vaccines or medicines, such as distancing or ventilation.

ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium's quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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