Illustrative: branching futures, each branch weighted by its probability

Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium · Course catalogue · Risk Science and Methods

Risk Management

Assurance, internal control and risk culture

Assurance, internal control and risk culture, taught twice over: as the working methods of the field and as its frontier since 2024, with labs on the Academy's tools, open data and the Nexus Standards.

Core course Frontier course

The discipline

01Core course · L2 Intermediate

Assurance, internal control and risk culture: foundations and practice

This area covers how organisations gain confidence that risks are managed as intended: internal control frameworks, internal audit and independent assurance, control testing, reputational risk and the culture and incentives that shape risk behaviour.

Level
L2 Intermediate
Study time
about 24 hours (planning estimate)
Status
In authoring
Prerequisites
An L1 course in the area, or an entry review

Why now

Boards and internal audit can scope controls testing and reporting proportionately while preparing defensible evidence. Financial Reporting Council, Provision 29 Mythbuster: Preparing to report, 29 January 2026

Learning outcomes

  1. Define internal control and the other key terms of the discipline and use them correctly in a written case
  2. Explain internal control frameworks and the Three Lines Model in practice with a worked example and its source
  3. Apply the discipline's method to a documented case and explain each result with its source
  4. Analyse a named case against internal audit and independent assurance, stating evidence, date and limits

Modules

  1. Internal control frameworks
    • Internal control frameworks
    • The Three Lines Model in practice
    • Internal audit and independent assurance
  2. Control design and testing
    • Control design and testing
    • Risk culture and conduct
    • Incentives and accountability
  3. Reputational risk
    • Reputational risk
    • Assurance reporting to boards
  4. Lab: the discipline's method
    • A control is tested on a sample; the deviations found give a rate, and the sample size gives an upper confidence bound on that rate; the bound is compared with the rate the auditor can tolerate, and the comparison, read alongside what the culture indicators say, is the assurance conclusion.
    • Work the method through a documented case and explain each result
    • Read the method's sources and stated values

Labs with Academy tools

Nexus Standards

Teaches

  • NRS-P11 Reputational, trust and stakeholder risk
  • NRS-C11 Conformance, verification and standards maintenance

Relies on

  • NS-1 The UNI and the artefact catalogue
  • NS-16 UNI application profile (how articles, documents, code, data, APIs and interfaces carry the UNI)
  • NRS-C1 Risk vocabulary and ontology
  • NRS-C2 Risk assessment method
  • NRS-C10 Risk clauses and controls library
  • NRS-C16 Risk-informed decisions
  • NRS-P3 Institutional governance, integrity and enterprise risk

Assessment

  • 40%Lab recordWork the discipline's method through a documented case and explain each result with its source and date
  • 40%Case memoApply the discipline's methods to a named place or organisation, stating evidence and limits
  • 20%Key terms checkShort answers on the key terms, marked against the definitions

Delivery

  • Self-paced online, with the labs in the browser
  • Cohort study over six to eight weeks, with a weekly lab review
  • Co-delivered with a partner institution, inside its own courses

Partner on this course

  • Co-teach a module and bring a current case from your work
  • Host a cohort for your learners, with your own schedule and review
  • Contribute a lab: a dataset your institution publishes openly, or a model
  • Review the course content and its references before it opens
  • Translate the course and adapt its cases to your region

How institutions and experts take part

In the Academy LMS

Course on the learning platform
Intermediate, 4 topics
Cohort group
A community group for each cohort of learners
Achievement
Recorded on completion of the assessed work

References

  1. Financial Reporting Council, Provision 29 Mythbuster: Preparing to report, 29 January 2026
  2. COSO, Internal Control, Integrated Framework, 2013
  3. The Institute of Internal Auditors, Global Internal Audit Standards, 2024
  4. Wilson, Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1927
02Live map

Hazards and exposure in Italy

Flood water, active fires and surface heat beside population and night-time lights, over Italy.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Hazards and exposure

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Hazards and exposure, framed on Italy.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · U.S. Geological SurveySources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
  • Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
  • Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.
  • Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (10 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
  • Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
  • Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026

03How learning runs

How learning runs, as a process you can run

Select a scenario and press Play: course, pathway, practice, faculty, cells and record.

04What is changing

Frontier course · L3 advanced, programme courses and standards

Assurance, internal control and risk culture: frontier methods

The methods, data, tools and studies that changed assurance, internal control and risk culture between 2024 and 2026, taught by reproducing them on open data.

Level
L3 Advanced
Study time
about 28 hours (planning estimate)
Status
Planned
Prerequisites
Assurance, internal control and risk culture: foundations and practice; Working knowledge of a scripting language (Python or R) for the labs

Why now

Boards and internal audit can scope controls testing and reporting proportionately while preparing defensible evidence. Financial Reporting Council, Provision 29 Mythbuster: Preparing to report, 29 January 2026

Learning outcomes

  1. Explain what changed in assurance, internal control and risk culture since 2024 and cite the studies, data or rules behind each change
  2. Reproduce FRC clarified the UK board declaration on material controls on open data and state the uncertainty of the result
  3. Evaluate a 2024 to 2026 study: its question, data, method, limits and what it changes for practice
  4. Design an analysis that combines a frontier method with the faculty's instruments, and justify each choice

Modules

  1. FRC clarified the UK board declaration on material controls
    • The FRC explained that Provision 29 applies to periods from 1 January 2026, so first declarations come in 2027.
    • Boards and internal audit can scope controls testing and reporting proportionately while preparing defensible evidence.
    • Financial Reporting Council, 29 January 2026
  2. IIA treats organisational behaviour as an auditable risk topic
    • The Organizational Behavior Topical Requirement frames culture as the human side of risk and sets a minimum baseline for auditing behaviour-related control processes.
    • It moves risk culture from aspiration to a subject with defined assurance expectations and evidence.
    • The Institute of Internal Auditors, 15 December 2025
  3. IIA cybersecurity requirement became mandatory for internal audit
    • The IIA issued its Cybersecurity Topical Requirement on 5 February 2025 as a minimum baseline for assessing cyber governance, risk management and controls; it became effective on 5 February 2026.
    • Mandatory baselines make cyber assurance more consistent and comparable across organisations and audit providers.
    • The Institute of Internal Auditors, 5 February 2025
  4. IAASB set a global sustainability assurance standard
    • ISSA 5000 sets general requirements for sustainability assurance engagements, usable by accountants and other practitioners with any suitable reporting framework.
    • A common standard makes assurance over climate and sustainability data more comparable and open to challenge.
    • International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 1 November 2024
  5. Reproduction lab
    • Extend the discipline's method with one frontier method and compare its results
    • State the uncertainty and the limits of the result
    • Peer review against a shared checklist

Labs with Academy tools

Nexus Standards

Teaches

  • NRS-P11 Reputational, trust and stakeholder risk
  • NRS-C11 Conformance, verification and standards maintenance

Relies on

  • NS-1 The UNI and the artefact catalogue
  • NS-16 UNI application profile (how articles, documents, code, data, APIs and interfaces carry the UNI)
  • NRS-C1 Risk vocabulary and ontology
  • NRS-C2 Risk assessment method
  • NRS-C10 Risk clauses and controls library
  • NRS-C16 Risk-informed decisions
  • NRS-P3 Institutional governance, integrity and enterprise risk

Assessment

  • 50%Method reproductionReproduce one frontier method on open data and state the uncertainty of the result
  • 30%Study reviewA critical review of a 2024 to 2026 study: question, data, method, limits, what it changes
  • 20%Peer reviewReview two other learners' reproductions against a shared checklist

Delivery

  • Self-paced online, with the labs in the browser
  • Cohort study over six to eight weeks, with a weekly lab review
  • Co-delivered with a partner institution, inside its own courses

Partner on this course

  • Co-teach a module and bring a current case from your work
  • Host a cohort for your learners, with your own schedule and review
  • Contribute a lab: a dataset your institution publishes openly, or a model
  • Review the course content and its references before it opens
  • Translate the course and adapt its cases to your region

How institutions and experts take part

In the Academy LMS

Course on the learning platform
Expert, 5 topics
Cohort group
A community group for each cohort of learners
Achievement
Recorded on completion of the assessed work

References

  1. Financial Reporting Council, Provision 29 Mythbuster: Preparing to report, 29 January 2026
  2. The Institute of Internal Auditors, Organizational Behavior Topical Requirement, 15 December 2025
  3. The Institute of Internal Auditors, Cybersecurity Topical Requirement, 5 February 2025
  4. International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, Understanding the International Standard on Sustainability Assurance 5000, 1 November 2024
  5. COSO, Internal Control, Integrated Framework, 2013
  6. The Institute of Internal Auditors, Global Internal Audit Standards, 2024
  7. Wilson, Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1927
05Take part

Take part in the work

Start from who you are.

06Questions

Questions, answers and key terms

Is the course free?
Yes. Every course and learning material of Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium, is free to study, self-paced or with a cohort. Ordinary participation has no fee; paid work, internships and fellowships are separate arrangements.
What does completing a course give me?
A completion record: the course, its version, the date and what was assessed, private by default and shared by you. It stacks into discipline, department and programme achievements. A record states what was studied and assessed and does not certify competence; it is not a licence, a professional title or an employment status.
Where do the data and the places come from?
Every faculty teaches on a twin of a real place built from open data; each layer carries its provider, licence and date, and every result on the Academy states its source. Maps and figures are indicators for teaching, never an assessment of a place.
How do I take part beyond the course?
Form a competence cell of three to seven people, study a shared pathway, take a supervised assignment in the National Working Groups, or bring a cohort from your institution. For organisations.

Key terms

Term

Internal control

A process designed to provide reasonable confidence that objectives on operations, reporting and compliance are met.

Term

Assurance

An objective examination of evidence that gives an opinion on how well risks are managed.

Term

Control testing

Checking that a control is designed well and operates as intended over a period.

Term

Risk culture

The shared values, beliefs and behaviours that shape how people in an organisation take and manage risk.

ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium's quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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