Illustrative: satellite orbits, their ground swaths or the lines of sight a receiver keeps
Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium · Earth and Environmental Sciences · Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences
Satellites, observing networks, reanalyses and Earth system twins
Çavdêriya Erdê û daneyên pergala Erdê
Every risk layer on the stage started as an observation: a satellite overpass, a gauge, a buoy or a reanalysis that joins them with a model.
- Department
- Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences
- Kurs
- Di amadekirinê de
- Ast
- In development
- Labs
- In development
- Satellite missions and sensors (optical, radar, thermal, altimetry, gravimetry)
- In situ observing networks
- Reanalysis datasets such as ERA5
- GCOS Essential Climate Variables
- Earth system digital twins and Destination Earth
- Geospatial foundation models and satellite embeddings
- Analysis-ready data and cloud-native formats
- Product validation and uncertainty
- Copernicus and open data policies
Build a twin of any place
Search any place or open the world; the layers and generators follow earth observation and Earth system data on the planet map, the globe and in 3D.
- Terrain 63 to 471 m
- River 435 km
- Canal 2,280 km
- River discharge, GloFAS via Open-Meteo: read live when the 3D twin opens
- Vegetation index, MODIS Terra NDVI 8-day: read live when the 3D twin opens
- Soil moisture, SMAP L3 (daily): read live when the 3D twin opens
- Precipitation rate, GPM IMERG (30 minutes): read live when the 3D twin opens
- Surface water extent, OPERA DSWx (HLS): read live when the 3D twin opens
- True colour at 30 m, HLS Sentinel-2 (daily granules): read live when the 3D twin opens
Drag to move, right drag or Shift with a drag to turn and tilt, Ctrl with the wheel to zoom. Keyboard: arrows move, Shift with arrows turn and tilt, + and – zoom, 0 resets, V steps through the views, Escape clears.
Flat plan of the same data: relief as contours from the inline grid, rivers and canals, and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked.
The boundaries, names and designations shown do not imply any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Countries: Natural Earth (public domain).
Earth observation in Italy
True-colour imagery, land cover, vegetation, snow and sea ice, over Italy.
Nexşeya înteraktîf JavaScript hewce dike; lîsteya qatan û çavkanî li jêr in.
Qat 1
Çavdêriya Erdê
Klavye, dema ku nexşe di fokusê de ye
Ctrl an ⌘ bigire û bizivirîne da ku nêzîk bikî
Ya herî dawî ya heyî
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Wêneyên herî nû yên NASA tê barkirin.
Bikişîne da ku bilivîne. Ctrl an ⌘ û zivirandin, pincandin an bişkojkan ji bo nêzîkkirinê; ji bo nirxên di bin nîşanderê de li ser bisekine; vegerandin vedigere herêmê.
Earth observation, framed on Italy.Berhemên peyk û modelê wekî NASA diweşîne, her yek bi dîroka xwe. Nîşander in, ne nirxandinên tu cihî ne.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONETÇavkanî û lîsans
- Em spasiya xwe ji bo bikaranîna wêneyên ku ji xizmetên Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) yên NASA têne peydakirin, ku beşek ji Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) a NASA ye, pêşkêş dikin. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di nav şaneyên H3 de hatine navînkirin (hatine guherandin). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
- Em spasiya xwe ji bo bikaranîna wêneyên ku ji xizmetên Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) yên NASA têne peydakirin, ku beşek ji Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) a NASA ye, pêşkêş dikin. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di nav şaneyên H3 de hatine navînkirin (hatine guherandin). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
- Berhemên VIIRS yên hema dema rast (lehî, germahiya rûyê erdê, berfa li erdê, refleksiya rastkirî), NASA LANCE; wêne bi NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî ji nû ve hatine kişandin; nirx li şaneyên H3 yên ku têne nîşandan hatine navînkirin (hatiye guhertin). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
- MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
- ASTER GDEM berhemek METI û NASA ye (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di nav şaneyên H3 de hatine navînkirin (hatine guherandin). Wiha bide nîşan: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
- Bi Natural Earth hatiye çêkirin. Daneyên nexşeyê yên vektor û raster ên belaş @ naturalearthdata.com. Giştî
- © beşdarên OpenStreetMap (ODbL), bi NASA GIBS (xetên peravê, sînor, rê û navên cihan). Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî ji nû ve hatine kişandin; nirx li şaneyên H3 yên ku têne nîşandan hatine navînkirin (hatiye guhertin). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; wêne bi riya NASA GIBS. Reng ji nexşeya rengan a weşandî ji nû ve hatine xêzkirin; nirx li cihên ku têne nîşandan di nav şaneyên H3 de hatine navînkirin (hatine guherandin). Daneyên vekirî yên NASA
- Çarçove li ser globa û nexşeya daxistî: peravên, sînor, rê û navên cihan ji qatên referansê yên NASA GIBS (daneyên OpenStreetMap, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); wêneya Blue Marble wekî bingeha bijarte; erdnîgariya 3D û xwendina bilindahiyê ji nîşandera rengê bilindahiyê ya ASTER GDEM (çînên 5 m heta 200 m, ji bo xwendinê hatine mezinkirin). Sînor wekî hatine weşandin têne xêzkirin û li ser tu axê helwestekê nîşan nadin.
- Gerdûn: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © beşdarên MapLibre.
- Bûyerên zindî: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); bûyer nîşanî ne û girêdanên çavkaniya xwe ya orîjînal diparêzin.
- Zindî: Bûyerên NASA EONET nîşander in, ne hişyariyên desthilatê ne.
- NASA GIBS: Em bikaranîna wêneyên ku ji aliyê xizmetên NASA Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), beşek ji NASA Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS), hatine peydakirin, pêşwazî dikin.
- Salek borî, germahî û tava rojane (NASA POWER): Ev dane ji NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project hatine wergirtin ku ji aliyê NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program ve tê fînansekirin..
- Daneyên hewayê ji Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), bi lîsansa CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Qatên bijartî (10 çavkanî di lîsteya qatan de: zindî, pêşbînî, çavdêrîkirî û çarçoveyî) dema ku têne vekirin krediya peydakar li ser nexşeyê û li vir çap dikin; pêşbînî encamên modelê ne û nîşanderên derxistî texmîn in.
Qat û dîrok
- Rengê rastîn: VIIRS NOAA-20 refleksiyona rastkirî, NASA LANCE · 13 Cotmeh 2026
- Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- Nîşandera nebatan a pêşxistî, 8 rojên gerok: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Cotmeh 2026
- Vegirtina berfê: VIIRS NOAA-20 NDSI, NASA LANCE · 13 Cotmeh 2026
- Qelebalixiya cemedê behrê: GHRSST MUR, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 12 Cotmeh 2026
The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies
The field and its scope
For data scientists, GIS analysts, remote-sensing practitioners and risk modellers who need to choose an Earth observation product, read its resolution and error, and know when a reanalysis or a satellite field can be trusted.
Quantities and units
Methods and their limits
Each method is listed with what it assumes and where it fails.
What the field debates
Bodies that set practice, and the data they publish
Bodies and standards are named so learners can find and apply their published work; the Academy teaches their use and links to the publisher, and no affiliation is implied.
From a pixel to an area with error bars: how revisit, cloud and accuracy decide what a change map can claim
Revisit interval and cloud cover set how many clear looks a sensor gets in a season; the classifier's user's and producer's accuracy set how far the mapped area of change is from the true area; a reference sample of stated size gives the adjusted area and its confidence interval, and only that interval supports a decision.
Sources: Olofsson et al., Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change (2014); Drusch et al., Sentinel-2: ESA's optical high-resolution mission for GMES operational services (2012); Stehman, Estimating area and map accuracy for stratified random sampling when the strata are different from the map classes (2014); Gorelick et al., Google Earth Engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone (2017); Dwyer et al., Analysis ready data: enabling analysis of the Landsat archive (2018).
At a glance, hub and courses
Earth observation and Earth system data at a glance
risksacademy.comearth-environmentdiscipline
- Open, 0
- In preparation, 0
- Subtopics, 9
Research and tools
Research and preprints as they are published, by discipline, with the faculty's other tools.
The hub lists the newest research and preprints for Earth observation and Earth system data, each with its source and date. Open the research hub
Courses in this discipline
Courses for this discipline are in development; until they open, study it through the connected courses and open lessons below.
The course catalogue lists every open course of the Academy.
How Earth observation and Earth system data is taught, as a process you can run
Press Play to run this process from this page's own data.
Practice, learning and connections
How technology helps and what risk it brings
Achievements in this discipline
Course achievements
One for each course with this as its primary discipline, earned when you pass the course's assessed activities.
Department: Climate and Ocean Sciences
Earn two discipline achievements in the Department of Climate and Ocean Sciences. In development.
An achievement is a record of the learning completed and assessed here. How recognition works.
Where the subject is practised
A field platform page on this subject is in development.
The two Foundry systems where it is practised
- FoundryNXS-EOP systemEarth observation is acquired, processed and comparedAcquisition room, Change room
- NXS-OPS systemObservations rest on calibrated instrumentsMetrology room
Foundry system pages describe what each system and its rooms are designed to do; the courses teach the methods these systems apply.
Across the ecosystem
Take part in Earth and Environmental Sciences
Ji kî bûna xwe dest pê bike.
Core references and where to begin
Start with Bojinski, then Hersbach, then Olofsson.
Pirs, bersiv û têgehên sereke
Gelo xwendin li vir belaş e?
Temamkirina kursekê çi dide min?
Dane û cih ji ku tên?
How do I take part beyond the courses in earth observation and Earth system data?
Têgehên sereke
Essential Climate Variable
A physical, chemical or biological variable that GCOS defines as critical to characterising the Earth's climate.
Reanalysis
A consistent reconstruction of past weather and climate that combines observations with a fixed model and data assimilation.
Data assimilation
The combination of observations with a model to give the best estimate of the state of a system.
Digital twin of the Earth
A system that combines observations and high-resolution models to simulate and explore the Earth system interactively.
Ji vê rûpelê delîl bidin.
Reports weşana demsalî ya Konsorsiyûmê ye. Tiştê ku tu derbarê vê mijarê dizanî dikare di weşana bê de bibe delîl, doz an rastkirin, bi navê te û di bin CC BY 4.0 de tê weşandin heke xebata te bi xwe be.
Around Earth observation and Earth system data
Prepare with a related course
Open courses in connected disciplines teach the methods this discipline will build on.