Illustrative: a hexagonal population grid where a wave rises, peaks and recovers from seeded outbreaks

Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium · Health and Society · Department of Global Health Security

Surveillance, outbreak investigation, pandemic preparedness and response

Public health emergencies and epidemics

Public health emergency practice studies how outbreaks and other acute health threats are detected, assessed and contained.

01Scope

What the discipline covers

The subtopics its courses and labs teach.

Courses
1 course open
Levels
L1 Introductory, L2 Intermediate
Labs
Map lab, Network lab

Courses in development extend the scope to further subjects: Global health security governance; Climate-sensitive health risk.

02Maps

Build a twin of any place

Search any place or open the world; the layers and generators follow public health emergencies and epidemics on the planet map, the globe and in 3D.

Delhi and its National Capital Territory core: a flat plan of the faculty twin. Terrain 191 to 315 m; 950 hospitals; 26,073,018 people in the box, 2020; Population density, GPW v4.11 (2020): read live when the 3D twin opens; Air quality, Copernicus CAMS via Open-Meteo (hourly, 5 days): read live when the 3D twin opens; Nitrogen dioxide column, TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P): read live when the 3D twin opens; Surface air temperature, AIRS (daily, day): read live when the 3D twin opens; Urban heat island, summer daytime 2013: read live when the 3D twin opens; Built-up and settlement extent, HBASE 2010: read live when the 3D twin opens. Contours every 50 metres from the elevation grid; people per cell, worldpop 2020 as four classes per cell (edges 4,474, 14,627, 25,652); hospitals as marks.
Delhi and its National Capital Territory core, India. Flat plan of the same data: relief as contours from the inline grid, the WorldPop count grid as cells, the mapped hospitals and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked.
  • Terrain 191 to 315 m
  • 950 hospitals
  • 26,073,018 people in the box, 2020
  • Population density, GPW v4.11 (2020): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Air quality, Copernicus CAMS via Open-Meteo (hourly, 5 days): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Nitrogen dioxide column, TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Surface air temperature, AIRS (daily, day): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Urban heat island, summer daytime 2013: read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Built-up and settlement extent, HBASE 2010: read live when the 3D twin opens
Credits and dates per layer are listed under the stage. Relief in the twin is exaggerated ×1.5 for legibility.

Drag to move, right drag or Shift with a drag to turn and tilt, Ctrl with the wheel to zoom. Keyboard: arrows move, Shift with arrows turn and tilt, + and – zoom, 0 resets, V steps through the views, Escape clears.

Flat plan of the same data: relief as contours from the inline grid, the WorldPop count grid as cells, the mapped hospitals and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked.

The boundaries, names and designations shown do not imply any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Countries: Natural Earth (public domain).

03Live map

Environmental exposure in India

Haze, nitrogen dioxide, dust, surface heat by day and night, and where people live, over India.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 2

Environmental exposure

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Environmental exposure, framed on India.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONETSources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • OMI nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP), NASA; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MERRA-2 reanalysis, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.
  • Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.
  • Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (12 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC · 10 Oct 2026
  • Surface dust PM2.5, monthly mean: MERRA-2, NASA GMAO / GES DISC · July 2026
  • Land surface temperature, night, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
  • Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026

04The subject

The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies

The field and its scope

For emergency planners, field epidemiologists and public health officers who must detect an outbreak early, assess it under the International Health Regulations and explain the risk while the evidence is still thin.

05The method

From the first case to the notification: how the days to detection set the size of the job

Every day an outbreak grows undetected multiplies the cases that exist when it is found, the contacts that have to be traced and the tracing coverage needed to bring the effective reproduction number below one; time to detection is the quantity that response capacity is bought against.

Sources: Fraser, Riley, Anderson and Ferguson, Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable (2004); Kucharski and others, Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study (2020); Heymann and others, Global health security: the wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic (2015); World Health Organization, International Health Regulations (2005), third edition (2016).

06Signature

How public health emergencies and epidemics connects the sectors

Select corners to build a signature, then hover a line to read what each sector gives and receives.

Select corners · hover lines6 / 15 relations

Context

Pandemic

Workforce absence ripples from clinics into grid operations, logistics and farm labour.

W · E · I · F · H · B

Sectors
4 of 6
Relations
6 of 15
Coupling
0.41 share of total

Strongest relations in play

  • Energy → Infrastructure · power for transport and telecoms0.8
  • Food → Health · nutrition0.7
  • Infrastructure → Health · access to care0.5
  • Energy → Food · fertiliser, machinery and cold chains0.5
Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.
07At a glance

At a glance, with 5 related topics

Public health emergencies and epidemics at a glance

risksacademy.comhealth-societydiscipline

Public health emergencies and epidemics: 1 primary courses open, 5 in preparation and 0 also taught here, across 8 subtopics and 2 connected disciplines. Courses: RAN-305 L2 open, RAF-112 L1 in preparation, RAS-412 L2 in preparation, RAT-230 L2 in preparation, RAN-360 L2 in preparation, RAN-361 L2 in preparation.
Public health emergencies and epidemics at a glance
  • Open, 1
  • In preparation, 5
  • Subtopics, 8
Course codes from the curriculum; study levels L1 to L4.
Twin builderBuild a twin of any placeWorked example: Delhi and its National Capital Territory core · 5 generators · 11 layers · 3 instruments
08Console

How Public health emergencies and epidemics is taught, as a process you can run

Press Play to run this process from this page's own data.

09Practice

Practice, learning and connections

How technology helps and what risk it brings

10Take part

Take part in Health and Society

Start from who you are.

11References

Core references and where to begin

Start with World Health Organization, then Fraser, then Gostin.

12Questions

Questions, answers and key terms

Is study here free?
Yes. Every course and learning material of Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium, is free to study, self-paced or with a cohort. Ordinary participation has no fee; paid work, internships and fellowships are separate arrangements.
What does completing a course give me?
A completion record: the course, its version, the date and what was assessed, private by default and shared by you. It stacks into discipline, department and programme achievements. A record states what was studied and assessed and does not certify competence; it is not a licence, a professional title or an employment status.
Where do the data and the places come from?
Every faculty teaches on a twin of a real place built from open data; each layer carries its provider, licence and date, and every result on the Academy states its source. Maps and figures are indicators for teaching, never an assessment of a place.
How do I take part beyond the courses in public health emergencies and epidemics?
Form a competence cell of three to seven people, study a shared pathway, take a supervised assignment in the National Working Groups, or bring a cohort from your institution. For organisations.

Key terms

Term

IHR core capacities

The public health functions countries maintain under the International Health Regulations to detect and respond to events.

Term

Event-based surveillance

The rapid capture of reports about potential health events from many sources.

Term

Basic reproduction number

The average number of new infections caused by one case in a fully susceptible population.

Term

Non-pharmaceutical intervention

A public health measure other than vaccines or medicines, such as distancing or ventilation.

ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium's quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Risk Academy
Public health emergencies and epidemics

Start with an open course

The catalogue lists each course with its outcomes, labs, hours and level.

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Courses · practice · credentials

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Our articles, maps and twins are free to read and free to republish. Readers and partners keep it that way.

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Risk Academy is a not-for-profit institution. To ask who funds a piece of work, use the funding questions form.

Independence

Editors and the expert reviewers named on each article decide what we publish. Funders and partners do not review or approve articles before publication.

Licence

Articles: CC BY 4.0. Figures, maps, twins and data: CC BY 4.0. Other uses: ask through the permissions form.