Skip to content

Illustrative: two backbones and their base pairs, the major and minor grooves, a reading frame travelling along the strand

Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium · Health and Society · Department of Global Health Security

Biosafety, biosecurity, dual-use oversight and neurotechnology governance

Biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology

This field studies the governance of biological research and biotechnology: how institutions prevent accidental harm, deter misuse and keep oversight proportionate.

01Scope

What the discipline covers

The subtopics its courses and labs teach.

Courses
In preparation
Levels
In development
Labs
Network lab
  • Laboratory biosafety and biosecurity
  • Dual-use research oversight
  • Synthetic biology governance
  • Biomanufacturing risk
  • Diagnostics and medical countermeasures
  • Agricultural biotechnology
  • Biological threat preparedness
  • Ethics and responsible research
  • Neurotechnology and neural data

Courses in development extend the scope to further subjects: Neurotechnology rights and governance; Biosecurity governance and oversight.

02Maps

Build a twin of any place

Search any place or open the world; the layers and generators follow biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology on the planet map, the globe and in 3D.

Delhi and its National Capital Territory core: a flat plan of the faculty twin. Terrain 191 to 315 m; 950 hospitals; 26,073,018 people in the box, 2020; Population density, GPW v4.11 (2020): read live when the 3D twin opens; Air quality, Copernicus CAMS via Open-Meteo (hourly, 5 days): read live when the 3D twin opens; Nitrogen dioxide column, TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P): read live when the 3D twin opens; Surface air temperature, AIRS (daily, day): read live when the 3D twin opens; Urban heat island, summer daytime 2013: read live when the 3D twin opens; Built-up and settlement extent, HBASE 2010: read live when the 3D twin opens. Contours every 50 metres from the elevation grid; people per cell, worldpop 2020 as four classes per cell (edges 4,474, 14,627, 25,652); hospitals as marks.
Delhi and its National Capital Territory core, India. Flat plan of the same data: relief as contours from the inline grid, the WorldPop count grid as cells, the mapped hospitals and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked.
  • Terrain 191 to 315 m
  • 950 hospitals
  • 26,073,018 people in the box, 2020
  • Population density, GPW v4.11 (2020): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Air quality, Copernicus CAMS via Open-Meteo (hourly, 5 days): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Nitrogen dioxide column, TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Surface air temperature, AIRS (daily, day): read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Urban heat island, summer daytime 2013: read live when the 3D twin opens
  • Built-up and settlement extent, HBASE 2010: read live when the 3D twin opens
Credits and dates per layer are listed under the stage. Relief in the twin is exaggerated ×1.5 for legibility.

Drag to move, right drag or Shift with a drag to turn and tilt, Ctrl with the wheel to zoom. Keyboard: arrows move, Shift with arrows turn and tilt, + and – zoom, 0 resets, V steps through the views, Escape clears.

Flat plan of the same data: relief as contours from the inline grid, the WorldPop count grid as cells, the mapped hospitals and the numbers below. The 3D twin opens on devices that can draw it, once its data and code have been checked.

The boundaries, names and designations shown do not imply any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Countries: Natural Earth (public domain).

03Live map

Environmental exposure in India

Haze, nitrogen dioxide, dust, surface heat by day and night, and where people live, over India.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 2

Environmental exposure

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Environmental exposure, framed on India.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONETSources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • OMI nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP), NASA; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MERRA-2 reanalysis, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.
  • Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.
  • Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (12 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC · 10 Oct 2026
  • Surface dust PM2.5, monthly mean: MERRA-2, NASA GMAO / GES DISC · July 2026
  • Land surface temperature, night, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Active fires and thermal anomalies: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
  • Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026

04The subject

The subject, methods and measures and debates and bodies

The field and its scope

For laboratory directors, research funders, regulators and policy analysts who must govern life science research, biomanufacturing and neurotechnology proportionately to the risk.

05The method

From an order to a review: how screening coverage and review capacity govern synthetic biology

Biosecurity governance is a pipeline with measurable stages: the share of gene synthesis orders that reach a provider who screens, the share of screened orders flagged for human review, and the number of reviews an oversight body can complete in a year; a gap at any stage is a number, and the decision is where to spend to close it.

Sources: World Health Organization, Global guidance framework for the responsible use of the life sciences (2022); National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Biodefense in the age of synthetic biology (2018); National Research Council, Biotechnology research in an age of terrorism (2004); Lipsitch and Inglesby, Moratorium on research intended to create novel potential pandemic pathogens (2014).

06At a glance

At a glance, standards and evidence, research and evidence, what is changing and learning

Biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology at a glance

risksacademy.comhealth-societydiscipline

Biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology: 0 primary courses open, 2 in preparation and 2 also taught here, across 9 subtopics. Courses: RAF-129 L1 in preparation, RAS-419 L2 in preparation, RAS-408 L3 also taught here, RAS-412 L2 also taught here.L1L2L3L4Also
Biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology at a glance
  • Open, 0
  • In preparation, 2
  • Also taught here, 2
  • Subtopics, 9
Course codes from the curriculum; study levels L1 to L4.
Twin builderBuild a twin of any placeWorked example: Delhi and its National Capital Territory core · 5 generators · 11 layers · 3 instruments
07Console

How Biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology is taught, as a process you can run

Press Play to run this process from this page's own data.

08Practice

Practice, learning and connections

How technology helps and what risk it brings

09Take part

Take part in Health and Society

Start from who you are.

10References

Core references and where to begin

Start with World Health Organization, then World Health Organization, then National Research Council.

11Questions

Questions, answers and key terms

Is study here free?
Yes. Every course and learning material of Risk Academy, led by the Nexus Consortium, is free to study, self-paced or with a cohort. Ordinary participation has no fee; paid work, internships and fellowships are separate arrangements.
What does completing a course give me?
A completion record: the course, its version, the date and what was assessed, private by default and shared by you. It stacks into discipline, department and programme achievements. A record states what was studied and assessed and does not certify competence; it is not a licence, a professional title or an employment status.
Where do the data and the places come from?
Every faculty teaches on a twin of a real place built from open data; each layer carries its provider, licence and date, and every result on the Academy states its source. Maps and figures are indicators for teaching, never an assessment of a place.
How do I take part beyond the courses in biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology?
Form a competence cell of three to seven people, study a shared pathway, take a supervised assignment in the National Working Groups, or bring a cohort from your institution. For organisations.

Key terms

Term

Biosafety

Practices and controls that prevent unintended exposure to or release of biological agents.

Term

Biosecurity

Measures that prevent the loss, theft or misuse of biological agents and knowledge.

Term

Dual-use research of concern

Life sciences research that could be misapplied to cause harm.

Term

Medical countermeasure

A vaccine, therapeutic or diagnostic used against a health threat.

ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium's quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

Risk Academy
Biotechnology, biosecurity and neurotechnology

Prepare with a related course

Open courses in connected disciplines teach the methods this discipline will build on.